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Readable research linked to original sources
Browse normalized, publication-ready research with direct links to its evidence and source.
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Readable research linked to original sources
Browse normalized, publication-ready research with direct links to its evidence and source.
124 articles
Newest firstN-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are lipid signalling molecules within the endocannabinoid system, which regulates numerous physiological processes and is implicated in diverse pathological conditions. Given the limited feasibility of obtaining human tissue samples, quantifying AEA and 2-AG in biological matrices is essential for understanding the endocannabinoid system in humans.…
Open article record in new tab ↗The rapid emergence of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) poses challenges for drug testing, particularly when analyzing urine samples due to the rapid metabolization of the parent compounds. In early 2023, two novel SCRAs were reported to the European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA): ADMB-3TMS-PrINACA and Cumyl-3TMS-PrINACA, which are both indazole SCRAs featuring a trimethylsilyl propyl moiety connected t…
Semi-synthetic cannabinoids are a class of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) with structural similarities to the main psychoactive phytocannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) found in Cannabis sativa L. The first semi-synthetic cannabinoids, which were used as legal substitutes for marijuana, were Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC) and hexahydrocannabinol (HHC). Δ8-THC emerged around 2019 on the recreational…
Purpose A powder found at a fatality scene, labeled as the synthetic cathinone 3',4'-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone (MDPHP) and most likely smoked using a crack pipe, was analyzed. The powder was identified as very potent synthetic cannabinoid ADB-BUTINACA/ADB-BINACA with a high purity (> 98%). This case highlights the risks associated with mislabeled novel psychoactive substances (NPS), particularly tho…
Cannabinoid use and misuse has been rising since 2011, and the development of new cannabinoid derivatives, partially due to the passage of the Farm Bill in 2018, and more relaxed legislation, has complicated testing for this drug class. The impact on child welfare in homes with cannabis substance use remains a concern, so detection of environmental exposure to cannabinoids is hugely beneficial. This article report…
Open article record in new tab ↗Objective To assess the risk of infant exposure to illicit and prescription drug residues, from infant-ready, pooled, pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM) provided by healthy, screened, voluntary non-remunerated donors to a not-for-profit milk bank. Study design A total of 150 pooled samples, representing 742 donor contributions, were analyzed for 15 illicit and prescription drug analytes using liquid chromatograph…
Open article record in new tab ↗Recently developed dried blood analysis methods for cannabinoid quantitation utilize small blood volumes, making them microsampling-compatible, but are limited by hematocrit-related bias for dried blood spots (DBSs) and higher consumable costs for volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS®). To address these issues, we developed a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method ca…
The increasing global consumption of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs, particularly new psychoactive substances, has resulted in their continuous release into aquatic environments, raising concerns regarding potential adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. In this study, a dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction using customized extraction devices was developed in combination with liquid chromatography-h…
Following the passage of the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, demand for accurate cannabinoid quantification in hemp flowers has increased to ensure regulatory compliance. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer provides high sensitivity and selectivity and is well suited for this purpose; however, a review of the literature indicates that many publ…
Hemp products [cannabis with ≤0.3% Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)] are federally legal, but few controlled experiments have explored drug test results, pharmacokinetics, or pharmacodynamics. Healthy adults (n = 60) self-administered 1.5 mL medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil containing 100 mg cannabidiol (CBD) and either 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 2.8, or 3.7 mg Δ9-THC (n = 10 per group). The study included an 8-hour acute d…
Cannabigerol (CBG) is a nonintoxicating phytocannabinoid gaining popularity as a self-medication for anxiety and other conditions; however, its pharmacological properties remain poorly defined. Here, we report the development of a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantifying CBG and its primary oxidative metabolite, cyclo-CBG. This platform enabled the characterization…
Synthetic cannabinoids （SCs） have become the most diverse and widely abused class of new psychoactive substances in the world. Blood and urine are classic sample matrices for in vivo toxin analysis， but some SCs have high lipophilicity， and the concentration of parent drugs in urine is extremely low， making them difficult to detect. Metabolites need to be investigated， and SCs with similar structures can produce t…
This study describes the development and validation of a fully automated workflow for serum sample preparation, enabling the quantitative determination of cannabidiol (CBD) and its active metabolite, 7-hydroxy-CBD, via liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Implemented on an automated platform, the workflow performs key steps such as solvent dispensing, mixing, centrifugat…
Background Cannabidiol (CBD) has numerous therapeutic properties, and is used to treat neurological conditions, such as neuroinflammation. However, the optimal dose of CBD to penetrate the brain requires further investigation. The primary aim of this study was to use a mouse model and the intrabuccal route for CBD administration to determine the optimal dose at which CBD can penetrate the brain. The secondary aim…
Open article record in new tab ↗Ongoing legalization of cannabis for recreational use contributes to increasing numbers not only of incidents of driving under the influence, but within all forensic fields. In addition, newly emerging cannabinoids such as hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) and the increasing use of cannabidiol (CBD) products have to be addressed. The aims of this study were first to extend laboratory analysis capacity for the "established…
Open article record in new tab ↗Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), hexahydrocannabiphorol (HHCP) and their acetates, HHC-O and HHCP-O, respectively, are emerging in Europe as alternatives to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This study aimed to elucidate the metabolic pathways of the semi-synthetic cannabinoids HHC, HHCP, HHC-O and HHCP-O from incubation with human hepatocytes. The metabolites of HHC were also identified in authentic urine samples. HHC, HHCP,…
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are a large and continuously evolving group of new psychoactive substances (NPS). Recently, many different nitrile-containing SCRAs have emerged on the illicit market, two of which have been found to release cyanide during metabolism. This can produce symptoms similar to those of cyanide poisoning, contributing to the toxicity of these SCRAs. Notified by the EU Early…
Purpose The analysis of drug residues on some currencies is well-established in the literature. However, there is no published study describing the presence of drug residues on Turkish paper currency. Methods This study focused on the analysis of 14 drug residues present on 600 Turkish banknotes collected from three different cities: Ankara, Adana, and Istanbul. The banknotes underwent preparation by a non-destruc…
Open article record in new tab ↗A child died in the emergency room of a local hospital a few hours after ingesting a substance the color of cork and the consistency of earth. At home, a modest amount of resinous substance was found. At the hospital, the child exhibited alterations in walking, balance, and consciousness. Intubation was needed for the onset of dyspnea, so fentanyl and ketamine were administered during the procedure. A sample of bl…
Open article record in new tab ↗The use of differential mobility spectrometry at low pressure coupled to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-vDMS-MS) was investigated for the analysis of 13 drugs of abuse (DoA) including the following: cocaine, ecgonine methyl ester, cocaethylene, benzoylecgonine, norcocaine, tramadol, isomeric pairs of metabolites; O-desmethyl-cis-tramadol and N-desmethyl-cis-tramadol, and cannabinoids: Δ9-tetrahydrocan…
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