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Readable research linked to original sources
Browse normalized, publication-ready research with direct links to its evidence and source.
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Readable research linked to original sources
Browse normalized, publication-ready research with direct links to its evidence and source.
29 articles
Newest firstPurpose A powder found at a fatality scene, labeled as the synthetic cathinone 3',4'-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone (MDPHP) and most likely smoked using a crack pipe, was analyzed. The powder was identified as very potent synthetic cannabinoid ADB-BUTINACA/ADB-BINACA with a high purity (> 98%). This case highlights the risks associated with mislabeled novel psychoactive substances (NPS), particularly tho…
Open article record in new tab ↗Purpose The recreational use of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) by adolescents and adults has markedly increased in recent years. Previous studies demonstrated that exposure to SCs is associated with multiple adverse health effects. Nevertheless, little is known about the effects of these substances on male fertility. The current study aimed to investigate the toxicological effects of subacute exposure to synthetic c…
Background The widespread misuse of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) has led to a notable increase in reported adverse effects, raising significant health concerns. SCs use has been particularly associated with acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the pathogenesis of SCs-induced AKI is not well-understood. Methods We investigated the nephrotoxic effect of acute administration of N-[(1S)- 1-(aminocarbonyl)-2-methylpropy…
Open article record in new tab ↗Purpose The analysis of drug residues on some currencies is well-established in the literature. However, there is no published study describing the presence of drug residues on Turkish paper currency. Methods This study focused on the analysis of 14 drug residues present on 600 Turkish banknotes collected from three different cities: Ankara, Adana, and Istanbul. The banknotes underwent preparation by a non-destruc…
Open article record in new tab ↗Purpose This study investigates the cardiovascular effects of the synthetic cannabinoid naphthalene-1-yl-(1-pentylindole-3-yl)methanone (JWH-018) in rats. The research aims to evaluate the pharmacologic, cardiologic, biochemical, and histopathological effects of acute and subacute administration at low and high doses. The primary research question is how JWH-018 impacts heart function, blood pressure, ECG patterns…
Open article record in new tab ↗Purpose The metabolic pathways of APP-CHMINACA were characterized to select the markers of intake for implementation into analytical assays used by the clinical and forensic communities. We have combined the evidences obtained by both in vitro experiments and administration studies on mice. Methods APP-CHMINACA was incubated with either human or mouse liver microsomes. Urine and blood samples were collected at dif…
Purpose NPB-22 (quinolin-8-yl 1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylate), Adamantyl-THPINACA (N-(1-adamantantyl)-1-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide), and CUMYL-4CN-B7AICA (1-(4-cyanobutyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H- pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxamide), synthetic cannabinoids were evaluated in terms of CB1 (cannabinoid receptor type 1) and CB2 (cannabinoid receptor type 2) activities, and th…
Open article record in new tab ↗Purpose We report a case of a polydrug user who consumed various synthetic cannabinoids and fentanyl from a transdermal patch via a bucket bong. Toxicological results from postmortem matrices with special focus on synthetic cannabinoids are discussed in terms of their relevance to the death. Methods The samples were analyzed by toxicological screening procedures involving immunoassays and gas chromatography-mass s…
Purpose Toxicological analyses of biological samples play important roles in forensic and clinical investigations. Ingested drugs are excreted in urine as conjugates with endogenous substances such as glucuronic acid; hydrolyzing these conjugates improves the determination of target drugs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In this study, we sought to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of g…
Purpose Cannabidiol (CBD) products are widely used for pain relief, sleep improvement, management of seizures etc. Although the concentrations of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in these products are low (≤0.3% w/w), it is important to investigate if its presence and/or that of its metabolite 11-nor-carboxy-Δ9-THC, is traceable in plasma and urine samples of individuals who take CBD oil products. Methods A sensit…
Background AB-CHMINACA is a cannabimimetic indazole derivative. In 2013, it was reported in different countries as a substance of abuse. Purpose This study evaluated the subacute toxic effects of AB-CHMINACA on the liver and kidneys and measured its blood level in adult male mice. Methods The histological and biochemical subacute toxic effects on the liver and kidneys were assessed after four weeks of daily intrap…
Purpose According to recent reports, cannabigerol (CBG) concentration level in blood and body fluids may have forensic utility as a highly specific albeit insensitive biomarker of recent cannabis smoking. While the analytical sensitivity of cannabidiol (CBD), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabichromene (CBC) or cannabinol (CBN) estimation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is similar and suffici…
Open article record in new tab ↗Purpose AMB-FUBINACA is a synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (SCRA) which is primarily metabolised by hepatic enzymes producing AMB-FUBINACA carboxylic acid. The metabolising enzymes associated with this biotransformation remain unknown. This study aimed to determine if AMB-FUBINACA metabolism could be reduced in the presence of carboxylesterase (CES) inhibitors and recreational drugs commonly consumed with it…
Purpose Methyl-2-(1-(4-fluorobutyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (4F-MDMB-BINACA) is a newly emerging synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRA) first described in 2018 in both Europe and the United States. Two fatal cases are reported caused by simultaneous consumption of 4F-MDMB-BINACA and ethanol. Methods The victims were brothers who were both found deceased after consuming 4F-MDMB-BINA…
Open article record in new tab ↗Purpose In forensics, entomological specimens can be used as additional/alternative matrices to detect xenobiotics when human specimens are limited in their application. Despite some advantages over implementing putrefied human remains, most medico-legal laboratories do not include entomotoxicological procedures as routine analytical methods. We thus applied two authentic cases to evaluate necrophagous larvae's po…
Purpose Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), highly metabolized substances, are rarely found unmodified in urine samples. Urine screening relies on SC metabolite detection, requiring metabolism knowledge. Metabolism data can be acquired via in vitro assays, e.g., human hepatocytes, pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM), cytochrome P450 isoforms and a fungal model; or in vivo by screening, e.g., authentic human samples or…
Open article record in new tab ↗Purpose A synthetic cannabinoid BB-22 and its metabolite BB-22 3-carboxyindole have not yet been quantified in human urine. The aim of this study is to establish a sensitive analytical method for the quantification of BB-22 and its 3-carboxyindole in human serum and urine specimens, and the characterization of the unreported metabolites of BB-22 in authentic urine specimens from three individuals. Methods These co…
Purpose ∆9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), major psychoactive constituents of marijuana, induce potentiation of pentobarbital-induced sleep in mice. We have elucidated the mechanism of enhancement of the anesthetic effect of pentobarbital by cannabinoids. Methods We carried out pharmacological experiment and cannabinoid1 (CB1) receptor binding assay using CB1 antagonists to clarify whether th…
Open article record in new tab ↗Purpose 5F-CUMYL-PEGACLONE is a recently emerged γ-carbolinone derived synthetic cannabinoid. The present study aimed to identify phase I metabolites to reliably prove consumption of the substance by urine analysis and to differentiate from the uptake of the non-fluorinated analog CUMYL-PEGACLONE. Methods For metabolite characterization, phase I metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography-high resolution ma…
Open article record in new tab ↗Purpose Identifying intake of synthetic cannabinoids generally requires the metabolism data of the drugs so that appropriate metabolite markers can be targeted in urine testing. However, the continuous appearance of new cannabinoids during the last decade has made it difficult to keep up with all the compounds including {1-[(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone (AM1220). In this…
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