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Readable research linked to original sources
Browse normalized, publication-ready research with direct links to its evidence and source.
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Readable research linked to original sources
Browse normalized, publication-ready research with direct links to its evidence and source.
100 articles
Newest firstIntroduction Pain is a frequent and burdensome symptom in multiple sclerosis (MS), yet it remains underrecognized and undertreated. Objective This review summarizes current knowledge on the prevalence, mechanisms, clinical phenotypes, and therapeutic strategies of MS-related pain, with an emphasis on implications for clinical management. Methods We conducted a narrative review of the literature, integrating epidem…
Open article record in new tab ↗Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is marked by glial cell activation, autoreactive T cells, and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and free radicals. Current therapeutic strategies aim to modulate the immune response using disease-modifying therapies, to slow disease progression. The specific aims of this study were: (a) to investigate the effect of cannabinoid acids on the rele…
Reactive astrocytes shape central nervous system (CNS) inflammation and participate in myelin damage and repair mechanisms in multiple sclerosis (MS). Through the activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1R) expressed by neurons and oligodendrocyte lineage cells, endocannabinoid signaling restricts neurodegeneration and promotes remyelination in preclinical MS models. However, despite accumulating evidence that…
Non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids produced by Cannabis sativa, including cannabidiol, cannabigerol, cannabichromene and their varin and acidic analogs, are emerging as promising modulators of neuroinflammation, particularly through actions on microglia, the brain’s resident immune cells. These compounds engage numerous receptors, ion channels, and intracellular signaling systems in microglia associated with neuro…
Open article record in new tab ↗Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disorder that typically affects young adults and is primarily characterized by demyelinating lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). According to the Revised McDonald Criteria, the clinical diagnosis of MS can be established based on a combination of clinical observations, the presence of focal lesions in at least two distinct CNS areas on ma…
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disorder characterized by demyelination, oligodendrocyte (OLG) loss, and progressive neurological decline. While current disease-modifying therapies primarily target immune responses, they offer limited neuroprotective or remyelinating effects. Through its receptors, including cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and the G protein-coupled receptor GPR55, the end…
Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is associated with a wide range of debilitating symptoms, and conventional therapies often fail to adequately address the disease's multifaceted challenges. Cannabidiol (CBD) 13.0% + Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 9.0% (CBD13/THC9), a vaporized cannabis-based medicinal product, presents a novel therapeutic option for managing MS symptoms. Methods: This single-center longitu…
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated neurodegenerative disorder marked by inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal loss within the central nervous system. Despite advances in diagnostics, current tools remain insufficiently sensitive and specific. Metabolomics has emerged as a promising approach to explore MS pathophysiology and discover novel biomarkers. This PRISMA-guided systematic review incl…
The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), yet its role across different disease stages and under disease-modifying treatment remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to evaluate plasma levels of anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in patients with MS at different clinical stages, and to explore their associations with disability, cogni…
Introduction Spasticity-Plus Syndrome (SPS) in multiple sclerosis (MS) represents a cluster of symptoms including spasticity, neuropathic pain, spasms, and bladder dysfunction. These manifestations may worsen after trauma or surgery. Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) offers a minimally invasive neuromodulation strategy that could complement standard treatments. Methods We report the case of a 56-year-old woman with seco…
Open article record in new tab ↗BackgroundFatigue is prevalent and debilitating across neurological disorders yet remains under recognised in routine care. We characterised and compared fatigue across five long term neurological conditions using a common assessment, and developed a brief, history-based model to estimate fatigue severity. MethodsAdults with epilepsy, Huntingtons disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinsons disease (PD), or m…
BackgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Early detection of the prodromal phase could enable timely interventions to potentially modify disease progression. This study leverages longitudinal health administrative claim (HAC) data to identify patterns distinguishing the prodromal stage of MS from other neurological conditions. MethodsHAC data from the Czech He…
Open article record in new tab ↗Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) and represents the leading cause of non-traumatic disability among young adults. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionized both the clinical management and scientific understanding of MS, serving as an indispensable paraclinical tool. Its high sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy enable early d…
Background: Cannabinoid oro-mucosal spray nabiximols is approved for patients with moderate to severe multiple sclerosis spasticity (MSS) resistant to other antispastic medications. Few real-world data are available on the effectiveness, safety and patients' satisfaction in MS patients treated with nabiximols as monotherapy. Methods: To investigate the effectiveness, tolerability and satisfaction of nabiximols in…
Open article record in new tab ↗Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an immunomodulatory treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) that can cross the blood-brain barrier, presenting neuroprotective potential. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, and there is a need to characterize whether DMF or its bioactive metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) exerts neuroprotective properties. Moreover, the combination of adjuvant agents such as cannabidiol (CB…
Cannabinoids are lipophilic substances derived from Cannabis sativa that can exert a variety of effects in the human body. They have been studied in cellular and animal models as well as in human clinical trials for their therapeutic benefits in several human diseases. Some of these include central nervous system (CNS) diseases and dysfunctions such as forms of epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, pa…
Open article record in new tab ↗The use of medical Cannabis has increased in recent years due to changing legal circumstances in many countries. Approval exists only for a few neurological conditions such as rare forms of epilepsy or spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Beyond that, however, medical Cannabis is used for a wide range of neurological conditions and symptoms. In Germany, in parallel with new legislation that has simplified the prescri…
Open article record in new tab ↗We previously reported that people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) who have been using cannabis frequently over many years can have significant cognitive improvements accompanied by concomitant task-specific changes in brain activation following 28 days of cannabis abstinence. We now hypothesize that the default Mode Network (DMN), known to modulate cognition, would also show an improved pattern of activation align…
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