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Readable research linked to original sources
Browse normalized, publication-ready research with direct links to its evidence and source.
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Readable research linked to original sources
Browse normalized, publication-ready research with direct links to its evidence and source.
19 articles
Newest firstThe rapid emergence of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) poses challenges for drug testing, particularly when analyzing urine samples due to the rapid metabolization of the parent compounds. In early 2023, two novel SCRAs were reported to the European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA): ADMB-3TMS-PrINACA and Cumyl-3TMS-PrINACA, which are both indazole SCRAs featuring a trimethylsilyl propyl moiety connected t…
Open article record in new tab ↗Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are a rapidly developing kind of novel psychoactive substance, frequently associated with acute intoxication and public health concerns. This study aimed to elucidate and compare the phase I metabolic pathways of two structurally related SCs, 5F-ADB-PINACA and 5F-ADBICA, using in vitro and in vivo models. Temporal metabolic profiling was performed to identify potential signature metabo…
Background Pulpitis, which is often triggered by caries and trauma, is a significant clinical challenge due to its prevalence. This research aims to uncover potential metabolic biomarkers for pulpitis and map out the implicated metabolic pathways, thereby laying a foundation for enhanced diagnostic and preventive strategies. Methodology We analyzed pulp samples from 12 participants (six who had pulpitis and six wh…
Open article record in new tab ↗In recent years, the harms and abuse of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) have attracted extensive attention in society. Their structures have been updated rapidly, which brings great challenges for continuous detection and drug identification. The aim of this study was to elucidate the metabolites of 26 kinds of abused SCs produced in human liver microsomes (HLMs) and rats and to explore the metabolism of indole amide…
Objective Evaluation of Nepeta cataria as a host with specific endogenous metabolite background for transient expression and metabolic engineering of secondary biosynthetic sequences. Results The reporter gene gfp::licBM3 as well as three biosynthetic genes leading to the formation of the cannabinoid precursor olivetolic acid were adopted to the modular cloning standard GoldenBraid, transiently expressed in two ch…
Zebrafish (ZF; Danio rerio) larvae have become a popular in vivo model in drug metabolism studies. Here, we investigated the metabolism of methyl 2-[1-(4-fluorobutyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido]-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (4F-MDMB-BINACA) in ZF larvae after direct administration of the cannabinoid via microinjection, and we visualized the spatial distributions of the parent compound and its metabolites by mass spectrome…
Substance use/abuse is one of the main causes of depressive symptoms. Cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids in particular gained significant popularity in the past years. There is an increasing amount of clinical data associating such compounds with the inflammatory component of depression, indicated by the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are also well-known to regulate the en…
Neuroinflammation is a physiological response aimed at maintaining the homodynamic balance and providing the body with the fundamental resource of adaptation to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Although the response is initiated with protective purposes, the effect may be detrimental when not regulated. The physiological control of neuroinflammation is mainly achieved via regulatory mechanisms performed by partic…
Open article record in new tab ↗Numerous studies showed that sustained obesity results in accumulation of bioactive lipid derivatives in several tissues, including skeletal muscle, which further contributes to the development of metabolic disturbances and insulin resistance (IR). The latest data indicate that a potential factor regulating lipid and glucose metabolism is a phytocannabinoid-cannabidiol (CBD), a component of medical marijuana (Cann…
Hypertension coincides with myocardial alternations in lipid (including sphingolipids) and glucose metabolism. The latest data indicate that accumulation of metabolically active lipids, especially ceramide (CER) and diacylglycerol (DAG) significantly influences intracellular signaling pathways along with inducing insulin resistance. Since, it was demonstrated that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) affects myocardia…
In 2020, nearly one-third of new drugs on the global market were synthetic cannabinoids including the drug of abuse N-(1-adamantyl)-1-(5-pentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (5F-APINACA, 5F-AKB48). Knowledge of 5F-APINACA metabolism provides a critical mechanistic basis to interpret and predict abuser outcomes. Prior qualitative studies identified which metabolic processes occur but not the order and extent of them a…
Lipids are apolar small molecules known not only as components of cell membranes but also, in recent literature, as modulators of different biological functions. Herein, we focused on the bioactive lipids that can influence the immune responses and inflammatory processes regulating vascular hyperreactivity, pain, leukocyte trafficking, and clearance. In the case of excessive pro-inflammatory lipid activity, these…
Open article record in new tab ↗Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae have gained attention as a valid model to study in vivo drug metabolism and to predict human metabolism. The microinjection of compounds, oligonucleotides, or pathogens into zebrafish embryos at an early developmental stage is a well-established technique. Here, we investigated the metabolism of zebrafish larvae after microinjection of methyl 2-(1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]py…
Open article record in new tab ↗There is good evidence that the N-acylethanolamine (NAE)/monoacylglycerol (MAG) signalling systems are involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. However, it is not known how prostate tumours affect these systems in the surrounding non-malignant tissue and vice versa. In the present study we have investigated at the mRNA level 11 components of these systems (three coding for anabolic enzymes, two for NAE/MAG targets…
The lipid signal is becoming increasingly crowded as increasingly fatty acid amide derivatives are being identified and considered relevant therapeutic targets. The identification of N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine as endogenous ligand of cannabinoid type-1 and type-2 receptors as well as the development of different -omics technologies have the merit to have led to the discovery of a huge number of naturally occurrin…
Open article record in new tab ↗Schizophrenia, which affects around 1% of the world's population, has been described as a complex set of symptoms triggered by multiple factors. However, the exact background mechanisms remain to be explored, whereas therapeutic agents with excellent effectivity and safety profiles have yet to be developed. Kynurenines and the endocannabinoid system (ECS) play significant roles in both the development and manifest…
Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death, for which no validated tumor biomarker is sufficiently accurate to be useful for diagnosis. Additionally, the metabolic alterations associated with the disease are unclear. In this study, we investigated the construction, interaction, and pathways of potential lung cancer biomarkers using metabolomics pathway analysis based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of…
Open article record in new tab ↗Background Causes and consequences of the complex changes in lipids occurring in the metabolic syndrome are only partly understood. Several interconnected processes are deteriorating, which implies that multi-target approaches might be more successful than strategies based on a limited number of surrogate markers. Preparations from Chinese Medicine (CM) systems have been handed down with documented clinical featur…
Open article record in new tab ↗Background N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly) is an endogenous signaling lipid with a wide variety of biological activity whose biosynthesis is poorly understood. Two primary biosynthetic pathways have been proposed. One suggests that NAGly is formed via an enzymatically regulated conjugation of arachidonic acid (AA) and glycine. The other suggests that NAGly is an oxidative metabolite of the endogenous cannabinoid, a…
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