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Readable research linked to original sources
Browse normalized, publication-ready research with direct links to its evidence and source.
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Readable research linked to original sources
Browse normalized, publication-ready research with direct links to its evidence and source.
13 articles
Newest firstBackgroundFollowing the recent amendments in international legislations on cannabis, semi-synthetic cannabinoid derivatives have become increasingly available worldwide. These new psychoactive substances are obtained through chemical modifications of cannabidiol (CBD), a widely available legal compound, or through chemical synthesis from fitting precursors. Compared to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the primary…
Open article record in new tab ↗The pharmacokinetics of the semisynthetic cannabinoid hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) and its 11-nor-carboxy- as well as 11-hydroxy-metabolites has already been the subject of research in various recent publications. However, further metabolism studies showed the presence of other, especially (side-chain-)hydroxylated metabolites in urine and serum. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of these metabolit…
Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) is a semi-synthetic cannabinoid that has recently emerged in the European market, raising concerns regarding its detection in forensic toxicology. Reliable analytical approaches are required for the determination of HHC metabolites together with conventional cannabis biomarkers in biological samples. This study aimed to develop and validate a sample preparation method based on air-assiste…
Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), a hydrogenated derivative of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), is a semi-synthetic cannabinoid marketed as an alternative to Δ9-THC. Its hydroxylated metabolite, 8-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol (8-OH-HHC), exists as four stereoisomers: (6aR,8R,9R,10aR), (6aR,8S,9S,10aR), (6aR,8S,9R,10aR), and (6aR,8R,9S,10aR). However, the lack of reference standards has hindered pharmacokinetic and forensi…
Open article record in new tab ↗Background and Clinical Significance: The recreational use of semisynthetic cannabinoids (SSCs) is increasing, and SSCs account for more than 40% of all new substances reported at the European level. Although designed to mimic the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, evidence suggests that certain SSCs may elicit stronger, prolonged and unintended pharmacological ef…
Open article record in new tab ↗Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), hexahydrocannabiphorol (HHCP) and their acetates, HHC-O and HHCP-O, respectively, are emerging in Europe as alternatives to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This study aimed to elucidate the metabolic pathways of the semi-synthetic cannabinoids HHC, HHCP, HHC-O and HHCP-O from incubation with human hepatocytes. The metabolites of HHC were also identified in authentic urine samples. HHC, HHCP,…
Background Since the passage of the 2018 US Farm Bill there has been a market for cannabinoid products derived from Cannabis sativa L. that contain < 0.3% delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Understanding the characteristics and motivations of cannabinoid product users is crucial for appropriate regulation of these products. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 1,523 adults 18 years or older using the…
Open article record in new tab ↗In May 2022, semi-synthetic cannabinoids (SSC) appeared on the European drug market, claiming to offer a legal alternative with cannabimimetic effects. Since then, the use of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) has quickly become very popular and derivatives, among them heptyl-analogs with prolonged alkyl-sidechains and acetylated forms, have appeared. First HHC-bans were introduced in some EU countries in early 2023. As on…
Even slight structural differences between phytocannabinoid isomers are usually enough to cause a change in their biological properties. In this study, we used in vitro CB1 agonism/antagonism assays to compare the receptor binding functionality of THCV (tetrahydrocannabivarin) and HHC (hexahydrocannabinol) isomers and applied molecular docking to provide an explanation for the difference in the activities. No CB1…
(-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) is the primary psychoactive compound in the Cannabis sativa plant. Δ9-THC undergoes extensive metabolism, with the main human phase I metabolites being 11-hydroxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH). Early animal studies have indicated that the 9-10 double bond may be reduced in vivo to yield 11-hydroxy-hexahydrocannabinol…
Open article record in new tab ↗Natural and non-natural hexahydrocannabinols (HHC) were first described in 1940 by Adam and in late 2021 arose on the drug market in the United States and in some European countries. A background on the discovery, synthesis, and pharmacology studies of hydrogenated and saturated cannabinoids is described. This is harmonized with a summary and comparison of the cannabinoid receptor affinities of various classical,…
Background During the last two years, hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), the hydrogenated derivative of tetrahydrocannabinol has been freely sold by internet websites as a "legal" replacement to THC and cannabis in a range of highly attractive branded and unbranded products, some of which are sold as "legal highs". Potentially, there could be a large demand for HHC products by individuals in Europe and internationally. Me…