Menu

Nutrient intake, digestibility, and utilization in goats fed graded levels of hempseed cake finisher diets

Abstract

Globally, the price of soybean meal, the most common proteinaceous ingredient in livestock diets, has become highly expensive prompting a search for alternative ingredients. Hemp seed cake is a promising alternative but could be limited by its high neutral detergent fiber and ether extract contents which impede nutrient intake and digestibility. However, some ruminant species such as goats have superior ability to digest high fiber and ether extract diets. Thus, the current research evaluated nutrient intake and digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbial protein synthesis of goats fed hempseed cake as a substitute for soybean meal in finisher diets. A total of 25 Kalahari Red castrates (27 ± 3 kg, 4–5 months old) were assigned to five dietary treatments (5 goats/ diet) in a completely randomized design. A maize-lucerne-based finishing diet was formulated with hempseed cake substituting soybean meal as the primary protein ingredient at 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100 g/kg dry matter. Ether extract intake exhibited a positive linear trend (P ≤ 0.05) while crude protein intake and microbial nitrogen supply exhibited a negative linear trend (P ≤ 0.05) with dietary inclusion of hempseed cake. However, feeding hempseed cake did not influence (P > 0.05) apparent nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters and nitrogen use efficiency. In conclusion, the substitution of soybean meal for hempseed cake decreased crude protein intake and microbial nitrogen supply in goat finisher diets without compromising nutrient digestibility and nitrogen use efficiency. The study recommends partial or full replacement of soybean meal with hempseed cake in goat finisher diets.

Article type: Research Article

Keywords: Hempseed cake, Nutrient digestibility, Purine derivatives, Volatile fatty acids

Authors: Farouk Semwogerere ⚬, Obert C. Chikwanha ⚬, Chenaimoyo L. F. Katiyatiya ⚬, Munyaradzi C. Marufu ⚬, Cletos Mapiye ⚬

Affiliations: https://ror.org/05bk57929grid.11956.3a0000 0001 2214 904XDepartment of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa; https://ror.org/00g0p6g84grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa

License: © The Author(s) 2023 CC BY 4.0 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Article links: DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03864-1  |  PubMed: 38112933  |  PMC: PMC10730684

Relevance: Core topic: mentioned in title and keywords

Full text: PDF (654 KB)

References

  1. MJ Abarghuei, Y Rouzbehan, D Alipour. The influence of the grape pomace on the ruminal parameters of sheep. Livestock Science, 2010. [DOI]
  2. FW Abrahamsen, NK Gurung, W Abebe, GP Reddy, K Mullenix, S Adhikari. Effects of feeding varying levels of hempseed meal on dry matter intake, rumen fermentation, in vitro digestibility, blood metabolites, and growth performance of growing meat goats. Applied Animal Science, 2021. [DOI]
  3. Addo, F., Gervais, R., Ominski, K., Yang, C. and Plaizier, J.C., 2023. Comparing dehulled hemp meal and canola meal as a protein supplement for lactating dairy cows Journal of Dairy Science, TBC No. TBC. 10.3168/jds.2023-23507 (American Dairy Science Association)
  4. SO Aloo, G Mwiti, LW Ngugi, DH Oh. Uncovering the secrets of industrial hemp in food and nutrition: The trends, challenges, and new-age perspectives. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2022. [DOI]
  5. Z Antunović, ŽK Šalavardić, Z Steiner, D Crossed, M Signidara, S Davar, M Ronta, AM Šabić, V Pavić, J Novoselec. The influence of hempseed cake on production traits, metabolic profile and antioxidant status of Merinolandschaf lambs Annals of. Animal Science, 2020. [DOI]
  6. W Horwitz. Official methods of analysis, 2002
  7. M Aregheore. Voluntary intake and nutrient digestibility of crop-residue based rations by goats and sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 1996. [DOI]
  8. M Avondo, L Biondi, R Pagano, A Bonanno, L Lutri. Feed intake. Dairy goats, feeding and nutrition, 2008
  9. A Bach, S Calsamiglia, MD Stern. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science, 2005. [DOI | PubMed]
  10. Brand, T.S., Van Der Merwe, D.A., Raffrenato, E. and Hoffman, L.C., 2020. Predicting the growth and feed intake of Boer goats in a feedlot system South African Journal of Animal Science, 50, 492–500. 10.4314/sajas.v50i4.1
  11. GA Broderick, JH Kang. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 1980. [DOI | PubMed]
  12. S Calsamiglia, A Ferret, CK Reynolds, NB Kristensen, AM Van Vuuren. Strategies for optimizing nitrogen use by ruminants. Animal, 2010. [DOI | PubMed]
  13. SCL Candyrine, MF Jahromi, M Ebrahimi, JB Liang, YM Goh, N Abdullah. In vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of goat and sheep supplemented with polyunsaturated fatty acids Animal Production. Science, 2017
  14. XB Chen, MJ Gomes. Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives -an overview of the technical details, 1992
  15. XB Chen, ER Ørskov. Research on Urinary Excretion of Purine Derivatives in Ruminants: Past, Present and Future. Estimation of Microbial Protein Supply in Ruminants Using Urinary Purine Derivatives, 2004
  16. M Chrenková, Z Mlyneková, Z Formelová, M Polačiková, M Rajský, M Marinov. Different methods for estimation of protein intestinal digestibility in ruminants. Archiva Zootechnica, 2018
  17. ED Costa, CV Ribiero, TM Silva, RD Ribeiro, JF Vieira, AD Lima, AM Barbosa, JM da Silva Júnior, LR Bezerra, RL Oliveira. Intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, serum metabolites and growth performance of lambs supplemented with Acacia mearnsii condensed tannin extract. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2021. [DOI]
  18. Dahmer, P.L., McDonald, F.B., Chun, C.K.Y., Zumbaugh, C.A., Jones, C.K., Crane, A.R., Kott, T., Lattimer, J.M. and Chao, M.D., 2022. Evaluating the impact of feeding dried distillers grains with solubles on Boer goat growth performance, meat color stability and antioxidant capacity Translational Animal Science, 6, 1–9. 10.1093/tas/txac060
  19. Dijkstra, J., Oenema, O., van Groenigen, J.W., Spek, J.W., van Vuuren, A.M. and Bannink, A., 2013. Diet effects on urine composition of cattle and N2O emissions. Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience, 7, 292–302. 10.1017/S1751731113000578 (Elsevier)
  20. FBM Domingue, DW Dellow, TN Barry. The efficiency of chewing during eating and ruminating in goats and sheep. British Journal of Nutrition, 1991. [DOI | PubMed]
  21. Embaby, M.G., Günal, M. and Abughazaleh, A., 2019. Effect of unconventional oils on in vitro rumen methane production and fermentation International Journal of Agricultural and Natural Resources, 46, 276–285. 10.7764/rcia.v46i3.2062
  22. FAOSTAT, 2022. Global hempseed production, https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL Accessed on 05 November 2022. (Rome, Italy)
  23. P Faverdin. The effect of nutrients on feed intake in ruminants. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 1999. [DOI | PubMed]
  24. S Frassinetti, E Moccia, L Caltavuturo, M Gabriele, V Longo, L Bellani, G Giorgi, L Giorgetti. Nutraceutical potential of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds and sprouts. Food Chemistry, 2018. [DOI | PubMed]
  25. M Freer, H Dove, JV Nolan. Nutrient requirements of domesticated ruminants, 2007
  26. LC Gomes, CR Alcalde, JC Damasceno, LP Rigolon, APS Possamai, B Hygino. Concentrate containing calcium salts of fatty acids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids can change rumen fermentation in grazing goats. Semina:Ciencias Agrarias, 2018
  27. MB Hall. Analysis of starch, including maltooligosacchardies in animal feeds: A comparison of methods and a recommended method for AOAC collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International, 2009. [DOI | PubMed]
  28. K Harper, D McNeill. The role iNDF in the regulation of feed intake and the importance of its assessment in subtropical ruminant systems (the role of iNDF in the regulation of forage intake). Agriculture, 2015. [DOI]
  29. MRL Horne. Bast fibres: hemp cultivation and production. Handbook of Natural Fibres (Second Edition), 2020
  30. L Karlsson, K Martinsson. Growth performance of lambs fed different protein supplements in barley-based diets. Livestock Science, 2011. [DOI]
  31. L Karlsson, M Ruiz-Moreno, MD Stern, K Martinsson. Effects of temperature during moist heat treatment on ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of protein and amino acids in hempseed cake. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2012. [DOI | PubMed]
  32. R Kumar, M Singh. Tannins: Their adverse role in ruminant nutrition. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1984. [DOI]
  33. Kustantinah, K., Suhartanto, B., Indarto, E., Zulfa, I.H. and Atmojo, F.A., 2020. Degradation of nitrogen fraction in kacang goats feed supplementation Calliandra calothyrsus substituted soybean meal Key Engineering Materials, 840, 118–123. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.840.118
  34. W Leonard, P Zhang, D Ying, Z Fang. Hempseed in food industry: Nutritional value, health benefits, and industrial applications. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2020. [DOI | PubMed]
  35. CD Lu, JR Kawas, OG Mahgoub. Recent advancements in fiber digestion and utilization in goats. Tropical and subtropical agroecosystems, 2008
  36. T Ma, Y Tu, NF Zhang, KD Deng, QY Diao. Effect of the ratio of non-fibrous carbohydrates to neutral detergent fiber and protein structure on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, and nitrogen metabolism in lambs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2015. [DOI | PubMed]
  37. HPS Makkar. Quantification of tannins in tree and shrub foliage. A laboratory manual, 2003
  38. D Mierliță. Effects of diets containing hemp seeds or hemp cake on fatty acid composition and oxidative stability of sheep milk South African. Journal of Animal Science, 2018
  39. BR Min, TN Barry, GT Attwood, WC McNabb. The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2003. [DOI]
  40. C Moscariello, S Matassa, G Esposito, S Papirio. From residue to resource: The multifaceted environmental and bioeconomy potential of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2021. [DOI]
  41. AF Mustafa, JJ McKinnon, DA Christensen. The nutritive value of hemp meal for ruminants. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 1999. [DOI]
  42. KS Nandra, A Hendry, RC Dobos. A study of voluntary intake and digestibility of roughages in relation to their degradation characteristics and retention time in the rumen. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1993. [DOI]
  43. National Research CouncilNutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants (ed)2007Washington, DCThe National Academies Press
  44. Neto, G.O.J.D.A., Parente, M.D.O.M., Parente, H.N., Alves, A.A., Santos, P.A.C. Dos, Moreira Filho, M.A., Zanine, A.D.M., Ferreira, D.D.J., Bezerra, L.R. and Gomes, R.M.D.S., 2016. Intake, nutrient apparent digestibility, and ruminal constituents of crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês sheep fed diets with babassu mesocarp flour Scientific World Journal, 2016, 1-8. 10.1155/2016/8675836
  45. I Nur Atikah, AR Alimon, H Yaakub, N Abdullah, MF Jahromi, M Ivan, AA Samsudin. Profiling of rumen fermentation, microbial population and digestibility in goats fed with dietary oils containing different fatty acids. BMC Veterinary Research, 2018. [DOI | PubMed]
  46. FN Owens, S Qi, DA Sapienza. INVITED REVIEW: Applied protein nutrition of ruminants-Current status and future directions Professional Animal. Scientist, 2014
  47. J Pantoja, JL Firkins, ML Eastridge, BL Hull. Effects of fat saturation and source of fiber on site of nutrient digestion and milk production by lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 1994. [DOI | PubMed]
  48. AK Patra. The effect of dietary fats on methane emissions, and its other effects on digestibility, rumen fermentation and lactation performance in cattle: A meta-analysis. Livestock Science, 2013. [DOI]
  49. EM Paula, GA Broderick, MAC Danes, NE Lobos, GI Zanton, AP Faciola. Effects of replacing soybean meal with canola meal or treated canola meal on ruminal digestion, omasal nutrient flow, and performance in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 2018. [DOI]
  50. M Pojić, A Mišan, M Sakač, DT Hadnađev, B Šarić, I Milovanović, M Hadnađev. Characterization of byproducts originating from hemp oil processing. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2014. [DOI | PubMed]
  51. Rapetti, L., Colombini, S., Battelli, G., Castiglioni, B., Turri, F., Galassi, G., Battelli, M. and Crovetto, G.M., 2021. Effect of linseeds and hemp seeds on milk production, energy and nitrogen balance, and methane emissions in the dairy goat Animals, 2021, 1-19. 10.3390/ani11092717
  52. C Ricci, J Baumgartner, L Malan, CM Smuts. Determining sample size adequacy for animal model studies in nutrition research: limits and ethical challenges of ordinary power calculation procedures. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 2020. [DOI | PubMed]
  53. JB Russell, CJ Sniffen. Effect of Carbon-4 and Carbon-5 volatile fatty acids on growth of mixed rumen bacteria In vitro. Journal of Dairy Science, 1984. [DOI | PubMed]
  54. MG Ryan, JM Melillo, A Ricca. A comparison of methods for determining proximate carbon fractions of forest litter. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1990. [DOI]
  55. A Sainz Martinez, O Lanaridi, K Stagel, H Halbwirth, M Schnürch, K Bica-Schröder. Extraction techniques for bioactive compounds of cannabis. Natural Product Reports, 2023. [DOI | PubMed]
  56. SA Santos, LL Prates, GG de Carvalho, AC dos Santos, S de Campos Valadares Filho, MS Tosto, LD Mariz, F da Silva Neri, M de Queiroz Sampaio. Creatinine as a metabolic marker to estimate urinary volume in growing goats. Small Ruminant Research, 2017. [DOI]
  57. F Semwogerere, OC Chikwanha, CL Katiyatiya, MC Marufu, C Mapiye. Bioavailability of bioactive phytochemicals in selected tissues and excreta from goats fed hempseed cake (Cannabis sativa L.) finisher diets. Tropical animal health and production, 2023. [DOI]
  58. F Semwogerere, OC Chikwanha, CLF Katiyatiya, MC Marufu, C Mapiye. Chevon production and quality of Kalahari Red goats fed increasing levels of hempseed cake substituted for soybean meal. Meat Science, 2022. [DOI | PubMed]
  59. F Semwogerere, OC Chikwanha, CLF Katiyatiya, MC Marufu, C Mapiye. Health value and keeping quality of chevon from goats fed finisher diets containing hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed cake. Meat Science, 2023. [DOI | PubMed]
  60. F Semwogerere, CLF Katiyatiya, OC Chikwanha, MC Marufu, C Mapiye. Bioavailability and Bioefficacy of Hemp By-Products in Ruminant Meat Production and Preservation: A Review Frontiers in Veterinary. Science, 2020
  61. SS Shapiro, MB Wilk. An Analysis of Variance Test for Normality ( Complete Samples ). Biometrika, 1965. [DOI]
  62. S Shivani, A Srivastava, UK Shandilya, V Kale, AK Tyagi. Dietary supplementation of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens alters fatty acids of milk and rumen fluid in lactating goats. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2016. [DOI | PubMed]
  63. F Siano, S Moccia, G Picariello, GL Russo, G Sorrentino, M Di Stasio, F La Cara, MG Volpe. Comparative study of chemical, biochemical characteristic and ATR-FTIR analysis of seeds, oil and flour of the edible Fedora cultivar hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Molecules, 2019
  64. VR Siegfried, H Ruckermann, G Stumpf, BD Siegfried, H Ruckemann, R Siegfried, MR Siegfried. Method for the determination of organic acids in silage by high performance liquid chromatography. Landwirtsch Forsch, 1984
  65. CR Soliva, SL Amelchanka, M Kreuzer. The requirements for rumen-degradable protein per unit of fermentable organic matter differ between fibrous feed sources. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015. [DOI | PubMed]
  66. YA Soltan, AK Patra. Ruminal microbiome manipulation to improve fermentation efficiency in ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Nutrition – Production, Health and Environment [Working Title], 2021
  67. South African government GazzetteMeat safety act, (Parliament of the republic of South Africa: Pretoria South Africa, South Africa)2000
  68. Z Tadayon, Y Rouzbehan, J Rezaei. Effects of feeding different levels of dried orange pulp and recycled poultry bedding on the performance of fattening lambs1. Journal of Animal Science, 2017. [PubMed]
  69. P Udén, PH Robinson, GG Mateos, R Blank. Use of replicates in statistical analyses in papers submitted for publication in Animal Feed Science and Technology. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2012. [DOI]
  70. PJ Van Soest. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant, 1994
  71. AM Van Vuuren, MCJ Smits. Effect of nitrogen and sodium chloride intake on production and composition of urine in dairy cows. Gaseous nitrogen emissions from grasslands, 1997
  72. S Wang, M Kreuzer, U Braun, A Schwarm. Effect of unconventional oilseeds (safflower, poppy, hemp, camelina) on in vitro ruminal methane production and fermentation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2017. [DOI | PubMed]
  73. TM Winders, DB Holman, KN Schmidt, SM Luecke, DJ Smith, BW Neville, CR Dahlen, KC Swanson, S Amat. Feeding hempseed cake alters the bovine gut, respiratory and reproductive microbiota. Scientific Reports, 2023. [DOI | PubMed]
  74. J Wiseman. Editorial: Digestibility and degradability in animal nutrition studies. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2018. [DOI]

Related Posts

The content on this platform is provided for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions.