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Research Article 2025CC BY-NCFree full text · non-commercial reuse

Human metabolism of the semi-synthetic cannabinoids hexahydrocannabinol, hexahydrocannabiphorol and their acetates using hepatocytes and urine samples.

Karin Lindbom, Caitlyn Norman, Steven Baginski, Lucas Krebs, Darta Stalberga, Tobias Rautio +3 more

Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), hexahydrocannabiphorol (HHCP) and their acetates, HHC-O and HHCP-O, respectively, are emerging in Europe as alternatives to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This study aimed to elucidate the metabolic pathways of the semi-synthetic cannabinoids HHC, HHCP, HHC-O and HHCP-O from incubation with human hepatocytes. The metabolites of HHC were also identified in authentic urine samples. HHC, HHCP,…

Drug Testing and Analysis Europe PMC

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Research Article 2025CC BYFree full text

In vitro metabolism study of ADB-P-5Br-INACA and ADB-4en-P-5Br-INACA using human hepatocytes, liver microsomes, and in-house synthesized references.

Tobias Rautio, Robin Obrist, Lucas Krebs, Therése Klingstedt, Johan Dahlén, Xiongyu Wu +1 more

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) remain a major public health concern, as they continuously are linked to severe intoxications and drug-related deaths worldwide. As new SCs continue to emerge on the illicit drug market, an understanding of SC metabolism is needed to identify formed metabolites that may serve as biomarkers in forensic toxicology screening and for understanding the pharmacokinetics of the drugs. In this…

Drug Testing and Analysis