CAM use continues to increase in developed countries [1–3]. More recent estimates have shown more than 50% of patients requiring healthcare have used CAM either in conjunction with or separate from conventional healthcare [4]. In this first ever detailed assessment of CAM use in AIH patients, we observed that over half (56%) of all participants reported ever using CAM, and 42% had used CAM after AIH diagnosis. Employed or retired AIH patients with advanced educational degrees were more likely to use CAM compared to those unemployed or part-time workers with a GED or technical training. The most frequent AIH-related phenomenon targeted by consumable and physical CAM was liver fibrosis/inflammation, fatigue, joint pain, and sleep issues. The most common consumable CAM agents included CBD preparations, healthier diets, physical activity, probiotics, multivitamins, melatonin, and milk thistle. The most frequent physical CAM strategies included exercise, yoga, and acupuncture. Among all AIH patients using CAM for any indication after AIH diagnosis, 79% reported improved targeted symptoms, but none could reduce the need for physician-prescribed medications. Fortunately, no severe adverse events or hospitalizations were reported, and only 5 participants reported adverse reactions and two emergency room evaluations.

AIH cases in our study reported a generally similar frequency of CAM use compared to other autoinflammatory conditions such as IBD (41%) [16] and systemic lupus erythematosus (50%) [17] and the U.S. population (50%) [18, 19]. However, our results differ from other chronic illnesses; patients with breast cancer reported 96.5% ever using CAM and 86.1% after diagnosis [20]. In a previous study, we observed CBD preparations were used in 25% of AIH patients to improve factors impacting quality of life, often targeting pain and sleep, and fatigue [10]. Here, we found AIH patients with lower household incomes were more likely to use CBD. This was opposite of our observation in the current study, as income did not differ between consumers of all CAM (Table 1). In fact, participants that have utilized CAM were more likely to have received higher education and be currently employed or retired compared to never CAM users. Other studies have suggested higher education and current employment do positively correlate with CAM use but may indicate subgroups with more resources for physical CAM [21, 22]. Often, physical CAM strategies (i.e., yoga, acupuncture, and chiropractor) are costlier and require a trained practitioner. In contrast, consumable CAM (i.e., CBD and vitamins) may have overall lower costs given widespread availability.

Most study participants (75%) reported that CAM strategies relieved targeted complaints. The most frequent CAM strategies that improved symptoms were physical activity (49.5%) (i.e., exercise, yoga), healthier eating (45.3%), and CBD preparations (45.3%). Recent studies have shown that patients with an autoimmune illness may be able to increase physical fitness and quality of life with a structured exercise training regime. A study examining a 12-week resistance training program in multiple sclerosis patients found that exercise improved voluntary isometric contraction and muscle power [23]. Other studies have found correlations between healthy eating and autoimmune disease management. A recent study found that patients following the autoimmune protocol diet for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in conjunction with IBD medication, resulted in reduced symptoms and in some cases potentiated clinical remission [24].

Our study revealed that CAM use for AIH-related symptoms was most often targeting fatigue, pain, sleep disturbance, and itch, with over 78% of AIH patients observing improvement in these areas with at least one CAM strategy. Recent studies have found similar results of CAM use reducing symptoms of fatigue, pain, and insomnia. CAM use in cancer patients has supported acupuncture, massage, yoga, meditation, and relaxation training to help alleviate fatigue [25]. In this same study, multivitamins were ineffective at reducing cancer-related fatigue [25]. Other studies researching CAM’s efficacy in relation to pain and insomnia in patients with chronic illness found that CAM was helpful in reducing pain (i.e., exercise, acupuncture, and chiropractic medicine) and decreasing sleep disturbances (i.e., melatonin, meditation, and yoga) [26, 27]. Even though AIH patients in our study reported improvement in AIH-related symptoms with CAM use, no patients reported reduction or cessation of chronically prescribed medications. Numerous studies suggest attempts to eliminate chronically prescribed medications in favor of CAM are an ultimate risk to patient outcomes. However, when CAM is used in conjunction with prescription medication regimens, data supports CAM may be able to improve disease outcomes and patient quality of life [23–27].

FDA-approved medications have pharmacokinetic data that can provide theoretical drug-induced liver injury (DILI) risk among patients with cirrhosis or hepatic impairment. Yet, these types of data are largely unavailable for consumed CAM. Beyond this, CAM products are a substantial risk for DILI even among healthy individuals, as nutritional supplements account for 20% of hepatotoxicity cases in the U.S. [18]. Although there is limited data to suggest patients with cirrhosis are at higher risk of DILI, the dose of medication and extent of hepatic metabolism has correlated with DILI [28, 29]. Nearly 28% of study participants in our study reported advanced fibrosis at most recent liver biopsy. Advanced liver fibrosis in AIH cases did not seem to be a deterrent to CAM use as we observed similar proportions of fibrosis levels across ever versus never CAM groups (Table 1). It is challenging to comment on DILI risk among participants in this study, as there was a wide variability of products, preparations, and limited pharmacokinetic data. Further, the bioavailability of a compound is a related risk factor for DILI, yet this aspect is often challenging to predict in patients with cirrhosis [9].

The safety of CAM in AIH may also be challenged by innate liver disease and concurrent medication use. For instance, CBD is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 and 2C19 and both corticosteroids (prednisone or budesonide) and calcineurin inhibitors (such as tacrolimus or cyclosporine) undergo metabolism via CYP3A4, thus pose a possible risk to 51% of patients currently taking corticosteroids and 3.1% using tacrolimus in our study. Inhibition of CYP3A4 and 2C19 by CBD may increase drug levels and/or potentiate side effects of these immunosuppressive regimens. Clinicians and AIH patients taking corticosteroids, tacrolimus, or cyclosporine should approach CBD with caution and monitor for adverse effects or toxicity [10].

We were reassured that only 5 participants reported adverse events, of which 2 required a dedicated physician's visit, but no hospitalizations or severe adverse events occurred. Further given this safety profile and a relatively positive response to a variety of CAM strategies (i.e., 79% improvement of symptoms targeted after AIH diagnosis), CAM, in general, is worthy of further dedicated investigational studies of AIH. These findings are pivotal, as health-related quality of life in AIH is significantly reduced [21, 22]. The frequent use of CAM to reduce AIH symptoms highlights critical treatment gaps that are increasingly prevalent in this rare disease.

We readily admit to the limitations of this study, much of which is rooted in the patient-reported aspects of AIH and memory recall bias of historical CAM use. However, AIH patients have exhibited excellent diagnosis agreements compared to their medical records [8]. This limitation also provides strength, as the utilization of anonymity via this survey platform is likely to promote more honest responses to the spectrum of CAM use. Furthermore, the standardization of the definition of the terms “alternative, traditional or complementary medicine” is also a factor that makes comparisons with studies difficult. A limitation of the present study was asking about homeopathy, acupuncture and medicinal plants, and herbal medicines. These terms may vary in meaning, such as “medicinal plants” and “herbal medicines”: according to WHO document, published in 2013, have different meanings [30]. The study's strength is it is the first to collect data about the prevalence and safety of CAM use in a representative survey of AIH patients.

In summary, CAM use in AIH patients is associated with socioeconomic status, but not demographic or disease-related factors. AIH patients were often able to find a CAM strategy (CBD, healthy eating, exercise, yoga, meditation, and vitamins) to improve AIH-related symptoms (fatigue, sleep issues, joint pain, fatigue, itch) and overall quality of life. Though a majority saw improvement of symptoms, patients did not reduce or eliminate prescribed medication regimens. Given minimal adverse events were reported and a positive response to a variety of CAM strategies (i.e., 79% improvement of symptoms targeted after AIH diagnosis), CAM seems worthy of further dedicated investigational studies of AIH. Based on these conclusions, a hypothesis for future research would be examining the physiological efficacy of CAM in AIH and domains related to improved quality of life.