The erosive potential of commercially available cannabis beverages was a primary focus of this study, and the findings demonstrated that several products produced measurable erosive effects on enamel‐like surfaces. Hydroxyapatite blocks were selected as the enamel substitute because this material, synthesized from calcium phosphate‐based compounds, following established protocols (Rujiraprasert et al. 2023), had already been proven to serve as a standardized model for enamel substrate while avoiding the ethical and biosafety concerns associated with using extracted human teeth.

CBD beverages included in this experiment contained acidic additives, fruit concentrates, sweeteners, preservatives, and cannabis‐derived components. Such ingredients—particularly citric acid, phosphoric acid, and low pH—can promote enamel demineralization by dissolving hydroxyapatite and softening the tooth surface (Lussi et al. 2012). The critical pH of enamel, at which demineralization begins, is approximately 5.5 (Meurman and ten Gate 1996), a level comparable to the behavior of hydroxyapatite. The results of the erosive potential, assessed through microhardness and surface roughness testing, revealed a marked reduction in hardness among beverages with pH values below 4. This finding aligns with previous evidence, demonstrating that acidic beverages rapidly initiate surface demineralization (Barac et al. 2015; Maladkar et al. 2022). When an acidic solution contacts the surface, hydrogen ions diffuse into the hydroxyapatite lattice and replace calcium and phosphate ions, leading to dissolution of mineral content and progressive softening of the substrate (Harper et al. 2021). Additionally, repeated or prolonged exposure further enhances mineral loss because the low‐pH environment disrupts the natural balance between remineralization and demineralization, resulting in surface erosion (Abou Neel et al. 2016). However, not all cannabis beverages exhibited the same level of erosive potential. Beverages with a pH closer to neutral, such as sample H (pH 7.18) and Sample I (pH 5.97), did not significantly reduce the microhardness of the hydroxyapatite, which aligns with the characteristics of less erosive or nonerosive beverages. Notably, the %SHL values of these samples were also comparable to the negative control, further supporting their minimal erosive potential. However, despite this favorable performance in surface hardness, these samples still exhibited moderate %Raalt values compared with other groups, suggesting that surface alterations may occur even in the absence of substantial mineral loss. These findings indicate that pH plays a critical role in determining the erosive potential of cannabis beverages, consistent with observations reported for other acidic drinks (Inchingolo et al. 2023).

This study also assessed the fluoride content of cannabis beverages, as previous research had shown that some herbal drinks may contain elevated fluoride levels (Szmagara et al. 2022). Fluoride in beverages can influence oral health by promoting remineralization of tooth structure and providing certain antimicrobial benefits. However, the low fluoride concentrations detected in most samples in this study suggest that these protective effects are unlikely to be clinically meaningful, as observed reductions in microhardness and increases in surface roughness. An exception was cannabis beverage Sample J, which contained 1.8233 ± 0.006 mg/L of fluoride. This level exceeded established safety guidelines. The World Health Organization recommends that fluoride concentrations in drinking water in tropical regions should not exceed 0.8 mg/L due to higher daily water intake, while Thailand sets an even lower guideline of 0.7 mg/L, based on an estimated consumption of 2 L of water per day for a 60‐kg adult (Sawangjang et al. 2019; DoH, Ministry of Public Health 2010). Therefore, the fluoride content of Sample J exceeded both the WHO and Thai recommendations for a safe daily intake, underscoring the need for careful monitoring of fluoride levels in these beverage products.

The increase in surface roughness highlights another important aspect of dental erosion. Surface irregularities may facilitate greater plaque accumulation, which can contribute to an increased risk of demineralization and dental caries when combined with the presence of fermentable carbohydrates (Serbanoiu et al. 2024). In the present study, alterations in the hydroxyapatite surfaces were also associated with the pH levels. Based on previous research, acids from beverages can affect tooth enamel for approximately 20–30 min following consumption, during which demineralization predominates before salivary buffering occurs (Abou Neel et al. 2016). When beverages are consumed slowly over an extended period, this acidic challenge may be prolonged. Therefore, a 30‐min immersion period was selected to represent a sustained erosive exposure and to enable standardized comparison among the tested beverages.

A 30‐min immersion in low‐pH samples produced notably greater increases in surface roughness than beverages with higher pH values. If such beverages are consumed frequently without proper preventive measures, the erosive effects may accumulate over time. This interpretation is supported by previous research demonstrating that the severity of erosion increases in proportion to exposure duration (Barac et al. 2015), reinforcing the critical role of acidic conditions in promoting mineral loss. However, the finding that not all cannabis beverages induced erosion suggested that the erosive potential was influenced primarily by the overall beverage formulation—such as acidity, buffering capacity, and added ingredients—rather than by the cannabis extract itself.

The results of this study showed that the %SHL and the %Raalt in surface roughness followed a consistent trend and were closely associated with beverage pH. Specifically, lower pH values were correlated with higher levels of demineralization and greater increases in surface roughness, indicating that acidity plays a critical role in mineral loss and surface alteration. These findings suggest that highly acidic beverages accelerate the dissolution of hydroxyapatite, leading to structural weakening and increased surface irregularity. Interestingly, sample K showed a negative %SHL value together with the lowest %Raalt, indicating apparent surface hardening with minimal surface alteration. This may be related to its formulation and relatively higher pH, which could limit hydroxyapatite dissolution or promote surface deposition. However, as mineral gain was not directly assessed, this finding should not be interpreted as definitive remineralization but rather as a possible surface hardening or precipitation effect (Shellis et al. 2011).

Additionally, it is important to note that the conditions of direct exposure in these in vitro microhardness and surface roughness assessments may not fully represent real‐life consumption. In the oral environment, saliva plays a protective role through buffering capacity, salivary clearance, and pellicle formation, all of which can reduce acid contact and promote remineralization (Baumann et al. 2016; C. Hannig and M. Hannig 2025). Erosive tooth wear is defined as the cumulative loss of mineralized tooth structure, resulting from chemical and mechanical processes, in which dental erosion—defined as the chemical dissolution of tooth structure by acids not derived from oral bacteria—acts as the primary etiological factor. This multifactorial process involves interactions between chemical erosion and mechanical forces such as mastication and toothbrushing, which may further accelerate surface loss (Schlueter et al. 2020). Therefore, the extent of surface alteration observed under experimental conditions may differ from that in clinical settings.

A limitation of this study is that each beverage contained multiple additional ingredients, and neither a cannabinoid‐free control beverage nor a pure cannabinoid formulation was included, as such products are not readily available on the commercial market and do not represent commonly consumed ready‐to‐drink beverages. These additional components may have influenced the observed effects, which may therefore reflect combined interactions among formulation ingredients rather than cannabis‐derived constituents alone. Within these limitations, the present study provides important insight into the erosive potential of commercially available cannabis beverages and highlights the critical role of physicochemical properties, particularly acidity, in influencing the integrity of synthetic enamel‐like hydroxyapatite substrates.