Adenosine receptors: Emerging non-opioids targets for pain medications

Abstract Extensive studies confirmed the role of adenosine in pain. All four subtypes of adenosine receptors contribute to antinociception, especially in neuropathic pain. Positive allosteric modulator of A1R and high selective A3R, which are developments in recent years, present potent antinociceptive effects. Article type: Review Article Keywords: Adenosine, Adenosine receptor, Positive allosteric adenosine modulator, Pain, Antinociception, Opioid Authors: Soo-Min Jung, Lee Peyton, Hesham Essa, Doo-Sup Choi Affiliations: Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and