Cannabidiol inhibits SARS‐Cov‐2 spike (S) protein‐induced cytotoxicity and inflammation through a PPARγ‐dependent TLR4/NLRP3/Caspase‐1 signaling suppression in Caco‐2 cell line

Abstract Given the abundancy of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE‐2) receptors density, beyond the lung, the intestine is considered as an alternative site of infection and replication for severe acute respiratory syndrome by coronavirus type 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Cannabidiol (CBD) has recently been proposed in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) respiratory symptoms because of its anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity exerted in the lung. In this study, we demonstrated the in vitro PPAR‐γ‐dependent efficacy of CBD (10−9‐10−7 M) in preventing