Genetic architecture of phenological, morphological, and phytochemical traits in Cannabis landraces

Abstract Despite its long history of cultivation and diverse applications, Cannabis sativa remains underexplored at the genomic level, particularly in landrace populations that harbor untapped genetic diversity. In this study, we investigated the genetic architecture of 145 Iranian cannabis landrace accessions, including both male and female plants, using 233K common SNPs and genome‐wide association studies. Our analysis revealed three genetically distinct subpopulations shaped by geography, climate, and traditional cultivation practices. We identified 91 significant genomic regions associated with 40 phenological,