Vegetative and reproductive stage lighting interactions on flower yield, water use efficiency, terpenes, and cannabinoids of Cannabis sativa

Abstract Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-27437-4. Article type: Research Article Keywords: Hemp, Sustainable production, Indoor production, Water savings, Secondary metabolites, Supplemental lighting, Terpenoids, Water footprint, Light responses, Photosynthesis, Plant physiology, Stomata Authors: C. E. Collado, R. Hernández Affiliations: https://ror.org/04tj63d06grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA License: © The Author(s) 2025 CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License,