Cannabidiol inhibits TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human conjunctival epithelial cells by interrupting TGF-β/Smad signaling

Abstract Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-25216-9. Article type: Research Article Keywords: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, Conjunctival fibrosis, Cannabidiol, TGF-β signaling, Smad pathway, Interleukin-6, Drug discovery, Molecular medicine Authors: Anil Baskan, Ezzat M. Awad, Ava Elahi, Javeria Pervaiz, Talin Barisani-Asenbauer Affiliations: https://ror.org/05n3x4p02grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15 1090, Vienna, Austria License: © The Author(s) 2025 CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 Open Access This