Association Between Substance Use and Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES Data on Marijuana, Hashish, and Cocaine

Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to examine the association between the use of marijuana, hashish, cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin with the severity of periodontal disease in adults. Patients and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2012 and 2013–2014 cycles, from 3609 participants, including demographic information, clinical examinations, and questionnaires. Key covariates assessed in the analysis included age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, socioeconomic status, poverty/income ratio, marital status, occupation, alcohol consumption, body mass index