Open-source, three-dimensionally printed manifolds for exposure studies using human airway epithelial cells

Abstract Rationale: In vitro studies using air–liquid interface (ALI) cultures enable controlled investigation of human airway epithelial cell (HAEC) responses to clinically relevant exposures. Commercial in vitro exposure systems provide precise and reproducible dosage but require significant investment. Exposure science may benefit from a more accessible customisable open-source exposure system. We present three-dimensionally (3D) printed manifolds for applying a range of exposures uniformly across standard, commercially available 6- and 24-well plates with ALI culture inserts. Methods: A chamber-style exposure system