Update: Characteristics of a Nationwide Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use–Associated Lung Injury — United States, August 2019–January 2020

Authors: Vikram P. Krishnasamy, Benjamin D. Hallowell, Jean Y. Ko, Amy Board, Kathleen P. Hartnett, Phillip P. Salvatore, Melissa Danielson, Aaron Kite-Powell, Evelyn Twentyman, Lindsay Kim, Alissa Cyrus, Megan Wallace, Paul Melstrom, Brittani Haag, Brian A. King, Peter Briss, Christopher M. Jones, Lori A. Pollack, Sascha Ellington

License: CC BY 4.0 All material in the MMWR Series is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without permission; citation as to source, however, is appreciated.

Article links: DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6903e2  |  PubMed: 31971931  |  PMC: PMC7367698

Relevance: Relevant: mentioned in keywords or abstract

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States and jurisdictions voluntarily report data on confirmed and probable hospitalized or deceased EVALI patients to CDC weekly using established case definitions* and data collection tools^† (ref. R1). Self-reported substances used in e-cigarette, or vaping, products were assessed among EVALI patients, including the percentage reporting any or exclusive THC-containing product use, any or exclusive nicotine-containing product use, and use of both THC- and nicotine-containing products. To assess trends in possible EVALI-related ED visits, CDC and health departments developed a query to assess exposure to e-cigarette, or vaping, products as a reason for an ED visit^§ (ref. R3,ref. R4).

As of January 14, 2020, all 50 states, the District of Columbia, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico had reported 2,668 hospitalized EVALI patients (Table). Overall, 66% of patients were male. The median patient age was 24 years (range = 13–85 years), and 76% were aged <35 years. Most EVALI patients were non-Hispanic white (73%), and 15% were Hispanic. Among 2,022 hospitalized patients with information on substances used, 1,650 (82%) reported using any THC-containing product, and 1,162 (57%) reported using any nicotine-containing product; 669 (33%) reported exclusive THC-containing product use, and 274 (14%) reported exclusive nicotine-containing product use.

The weekly number of hospital admissions for EVALI reported to CDC peaked at 215 during the week of September 15, 2019 (Figure 1). Since then, the number of cases reported each week has continued to steadily decline. NSSP data show that the number of possible EVALI-related ED visits sharply increased during August 11–September 8, 2019, by a mean of 26 visits per million each week (95% confidence interval [CI] = 18–33) (Figure 2). The weekly visit rate peaked at 116 per million during the week of September 8, 2019, then decreased by an average of approximately four per million weekly visits (95% CI = 4–5) to 35 per million during the week of January 5, 2020. This remains higher than the rate of 23 per million ED visits during the week of August 18, 2019.

Discussion

As of January 14, 2020, all 50 states, the District of Columbia, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico had reported EVALI patients. The majority of EVALI patients were non-Hispanic white, young adults, and male, similar to that reported previously (ref. R1,ref. R5,ref. R6). Most patients reported THC-containing product use. However, 14% reported exclusive use of nicotine-containing products.

Vitamin E acetate is strongly linked to THC-containing products used by EVALI patients (ref. R2). However, a minority of EVALI patients consistently report exclusive use of nicotine-containing products, which might be due to several factors. First, some patients might not accurately report, or know the content of, THC or other compounds in the products they have used (ref. R2,ref. R7). Second, some cases might be misclassified; for example, the high sensitivity of the EVALI case definition likely lowered specificity, leading to inclusion of some patients who do not have EVALI. Third, these patients might be accurately reporting exclusive use of nicotine-containing products (ref. R7). A previous report found a relatively low, but longstanding, background rate of ED visits associated with e-cigarette, or vaping, products predating the current outbreak, which could in part reflect one or more chemicals of concern in nicotine-containing products; however, this background rate could also reflect sporadic cases from the same products or substances that later contributed to the wider EVALI outbreak when they became more commonly used (ref. R4). The contributing cause or causes of EVALI for persons reporting exclusive use of nicotine-only products warrants further investigation.

Declines in the number of EVALI cases reported each week since mid-September 2019, and ED visits associated with e-cigarette, or vaping, products reported to NSSP, indicate that the outbreak peaked in September. Reasons for the decline might be multifactorial, including rapid public health action to increase public awareness of the risk associated with THC-containing e-cigarette, or vaping, product use, as well as actions by users to reduce this risk. Identification of the strong link between EVALI and vitamin E acetate, a diluent in THC-containing products, might have resulted in removal of vitamin E acetate from these products^¶,** (ref. R2,ref. R8,ref. R9). Further, actions by enforcement agencies might have affected the supply of informally sourced THC-containing products (ref. R8,ref. R10). However, clinicians, public health practitioners, and the public should remain vigilant by taking steps to reduce risk, including efforts by clinicians to identify and treat EVALI patients.

The identification of EVALI as a new clinical syndrome highlights a need for further studies. Understanding the long-term health consequences of EVALI will require long-term patient follow-up. It is not known whether additives other than vitamin E acetate in e-cigarette, or vaping, products might cause similar lung injury. In addition, ongoing surveillance for lung injury associated with e-cigarette, or vaping, product use needs to continue to detect possible increases in lung injury if new additives (e.g., a harmful diluent other than vitamin E acetate) are added to these products in the future. Syndromic surveillance helped demonstrate that EVALI was a new clinical syndrome, with ED visits sharply increasing in August 2019 and declining after peaking in September 2019 (ref. R4).

The findings in this report are subject to at least three limitations in addition to those already discussed related to ascertainment of the product type used. First, data related to product use were missing for 24% of patients, and many EVALI patients were not interviewed because of loss to follow-up, refusal to be interviewed, or lack of resources to conduct interviews. Any of these factors might limit the generalizability of these findings to other EVALI patients. Second, the exposure query in NSSP might have been affected by public and clinical awareness of the outbreak, which increased the likelihood that e-cigarette, or vaping, products would be mentioned in stated reasons for ED visits. Finally, NSSP coverage is not uniform across or within states, and health care facilities contributing data change over time as new facilities are added to the system or removed when they close.

Based on data obtained in the investigation of EVALI since August 2019, CDC recommends that persons not use THC-containing e-cigarette, or vaping, products, particularly those from informal sources such as friends, family members, or from in-person or online dealers.^†† Vitamin E acetate is strongly linked to the EVALI outbreak; it has been detected in product samples tested by FDA and state laboratories and in lung fluid samples from patients tested by CDC from geographically diverse states (ref. R2,ref. R8,ref. R9). Vitamin E acetate should not be added to any e-cigarette, or vaping, products. In addition, any substances not intended by the manufacturer should not be added to e-cigarette, or vaping, products, including to products purchased through retail establishments. However, evidence is not sufficient to rule out the contribution of other chemicals of concern, including chemicals in either THC- or non-THC–containing products, in some reported EVALI cases. Adults using e-cigarette, or vaping, products as an alternative to cigarettes should not go back to smoking; they should weigh all available information and consider using FDA-approved cessation medications.^§§ They should contact their health care provider if they need help quitting tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, and if they have concerns about EVALI. Adults who do not currently use tobacco products should not start using e-cigarette, or vaping, products. Finally, e-cigarette, or vaping, products should never be used by youths, young adults, or pregnant women.

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