The acute and chronic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral cannabidiol with and without low doses of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Abstract Hemp products [cannabis with ≤0.3% Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)] are federally legal, but few controlled experiments have explored drug test results, pharmacokinetics, or pharmacodynamics. Healthy adults (n = 60) self-administered 1.5 mL medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil containing 100 mg cannabidiol (CBD) and either 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 2.8, or 3.7 mg Δ9-THC (n = 10 per group). The study included an 8-hour acute dose laboratory session (Phase 1), a 14-day outpatient drug exposure period with twice daily dosing (Phase 2) and