Anti-Müllerian hormone plays a bidirectional role in cancer: a multi-database and multi-method study

Abstract Introduction: Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) has been variably associated with cancer risk. This study integrated a meta-analysis, Mendelian randomization (MR), and transcriptomic analyses to clarify the relationship between AMH levels and various cancers. Methods: We systematically reviewed observational studies from three major databases up to 2024 and selected 10 independent SNPs (r² < 0.001, P < 1 × 10⁻⁶) from GWAS meta-analyses (n = 7049) as instrumental variables. Cancer outcome data were obtained from the FinnGen database and additional GWAS