Intranasal naloxone to treat suspected synthetic cannabinoid overdose: A case report and literature review

Abstract Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), such as K2 or spice, are potent, intoxicating, laboratory-produced compounds designed to mimic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). Some SCs are full agonists that bind to cannabinoid receptors in the endocannabinoid system with significantly higher affinity than Δ9-THC, often causing more intense and unpredictable effects, including cardiovascular, respiratory, and neuropsychiatric complications. Due to their modifiable chemical structures, new SC variants are commonly created and can evade detection on standard toxicology screens, complicating diagnosis and treatment. A 43-year-old male with