Evolving Strategies for the Optimal Management of Common Bile Duct Stones

Abstract Management of common bile duct (CBD) stones has evolved substantially with the advent of endoscopic techniques and dedicated high-end devices. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become a widespread essential technique for managing CBD stones, with high success rates in standard cases. However, for patients with large stones, stones in an impacted state, and stones in anatomically challenging regions, advanced strategies using various dedicated devices may be needed. Although mechanical lithotripsy and endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation are effective techniques