Comprehensive Pan-Cancer Analysis Identifies IGFL1 as an Oncogenic Biomarker and Immunotherapeutic Target with Experimental Validation in Bladder Cancer

Abstract Background: IGFL1, a member of the insulin growth factor-like family, plays a potential role in tumorigenesis. This study aimed to investigate IGFL1 expression and its prognostic and immunological significance across cancers, with experimental validation in bladder cancer (BLCA). Methods: Data from TCGA, GTEx, and TIMER2.0 were analyzed to assess IGFL1 expression across cancers and its associations with prognosis, immune subtypes, immune infiltration, and tumor-related genomic features. Drug sensitivity data were also evaluated. Given BLCA’s high mutation burden, limited treatment