Cannabis smoke extract disrupts trophoblast differentiation and causes mitochondrial dysfunction beyond the effects of Δ9-THC alone

Abstract Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-36939-8. Article type: Research Article Keywords: Cannabis smoke extract, Trophoblast differentiation, Oxidative stress, Mitochondrial dysfunction, Endocannabinoid signaling, Placental development, Diseases, Medical research, Plant sciences Authors: Cristina Monaco, Mahek Minhas, Tina Podinic, Joshua P. Nederveen, Amica-Mariae Lucas, Thane Tomy, Gregg T. Tomy, Alison C. Holloway, Sandeep Raha Affiliations: https://ror.org/02fa3aq29grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1 Canada; https://ror.org/02fa3aq29grid.25073.330000