Menu

Evaluation of the HOPE spiritual assessment model: a scoping review of international interest, applications and studies over 20+ years

Abstract

Background:

Evidence supports classifying spiritual health as a determinant of health and including spiritual care in comprehensive patient-centered care. Despite delineation of primary versus specialty palliative skills, including spiritual care, and availability of spiritual history/assessment communication tools designed for non-specialist (SH/SAs), medical teams continue to neglect patients’ spiritual needs. A possible contributor is that consolidated evidence regarding uses and/or effectiveness of these SH/SA tools is lacking.

Aim:

To explore interest, applications and evaluations of one of the well-known SH/SA tools – the HOPE spiritual assessment.

Methods:

We conducted a scoping review following Arksey and O’Malley’s protocol and PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We searched PubMed, Web-of-Science, Google Scholar, PsycInfo, Academic Search Premier, CINAHL, Atla Religion Database, with AtlaSerials and SocIndex, for all sources citing the original 2001 HOPE article (to July 2023); no restrictions on article type, location, language. We used tiered inclusion/exclusion criteria, corresponding to our specific research questions regarding interest, applications and evaluations of HOPE.

Results:

Of 1,047 unique sources, 909 underwent full-text review. 571 explicitly mentioned/cited HOPE, representing 51 countries, 21 languages, and multiple disciplines including: 55% medicine, 15% nursing, 7.5% psychology, 6% chaplaincy, 5% social work. 266 sources offered expert opinions about HOPE. 63 described specific experience using and/or evaluating HOPE; 17 from non-English speaking countries. 59 demonstrated acceptability, 34 feasibility, 30 content validity. Of the 31 formal studies/evaluations, 17 intervention studies of HOPE demonstrated validity as a clinical, educational, or qualitative research tool, and 14 studies analyzed the HOPE model itself, with 10 comparing SH/SA tools. In these comparisons, HOPE rated highly, as did some others. HOPE’s comparative strengths include: acceptability for diverse (secular/religious/multicultural) populations; adaptability across clinical settings; flexibility for use by novice and expert clinicians.

Conclusion:

This first systematically constructed review of any of the well-known SH/SA tools revealed broad, international interest in HOPE and evidence for its acceptability, feasibility, and validity in diverse settings. Next steps for improving patient-centered spiritual care include: disseminating evidence; clarifying spiritual care competencies/boundaries for different disciplines/settings; increasing required primary spiritual care training; increasing availability of spiritual care specialists; and improving clinical systems to support whole-person care.

Supplementary Information:

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12904-025-01809-z.

Article type: Research Article

Keywords: Spirituality, Religion and medicine, Comprehensive healthcare, Communication, Spiritual assessment, Spiritual history, Palliative care

Authors: Georgia Sleeth, Priya Gottlieb, Achutha Srinivasan, Ufuoma Thaddeus, Meera Mennillo, Gowri Anandarajah

Affiliations: https://ror.org/00cvxb145grid.34477.330000000122986657University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA; https://ror.org/05qwgg493grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Boston University, Boston, MA USA; https://ror.org/05gq02987grid.40263.330000 0004 1936 9094The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI USA; https://ror.org/013ckk937grid.20431.340000 0004 0416 2242University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI USA; https://ror.org/05gq02987grid.40263.330000 0004 1936 9094Family Medicine and Medical Science, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI USA

License: © The Author(s) 2025 CC BY 4.0 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Article links: DOI: 10.1186/s12904-025-01809-z  |  PubMed: 40624539  |  PMC: PMC12236049

Relevance: Relevant: mentioned in keywords or abstract

Full text: PDF (3.2 MB)

References

  1. TA Balboni. Spirituality in serious illness and health. JAMA, 2022. [PubMed]
  2. 2.Kroenke K. The Many C’s of Primary Care. J Gen Intern Med. 2004 Jun;19(6):708–9.
  3. S Sinclair, J Pereira, S Raffin. A thematic review of the spirituality literature within palliative care. J Palliat Med, 2006. [PubMed]
  4. H Koenig, D King, VB Carson. Handbook of religion and health, 2012
  5. HSL Jim. Religion, spirituality, and physical health in cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Cancer, 2015. [PubMed]
  6. GS Gordon. Addressing spirituality during critical illness. A review of current literature. J Crit Care, 2018. [PubMed]
  7. JE Yonker, CA Schnabelrauch, LG DeHaan. The relationship between spirituality and religiosity on psychological outcomes in adolescents and emerging adults: A meta-analytic review. J Adolescence, 2012
  8. A Ferreira-Valente, C Damião, J Pais-Ribeiro, MP Jensen. The role of spirituality in pain, function, and coping in individuals with chronic pain. Pain Med, 2020. [PubMed]
  9. DP Sulmasy. A biopsychosocial-spiritual model for the care of patients at the end of life. Gerontol, 2002
  10. G Anandarajah. The 3H and BMSEST models for spirituality in multicultural whole-person medicine. Ann Fam Med, 2008. [PubMed]
  11. KNG Long, X Symons, TJ VanderWeele. Spirituality as a determinant of health: emerging policies, practices, and systems. Health Aff (Millwood), 2024. [PubMed]
  12. 12.The Joint Commission. Spirituality, religion, beliefs, and cultural diversity. In: jcaho’s standards/elements of performance. Manual for hospitals. Ed 2013: PC. 02.02.13 and RI.01.01.01.
  13. 13.The Joint Commission. Spiritual beliefs and preferences: Evaluating a patients’ spiritual needs. https://www.jointcommission.org/standards/standard-faqs/critical-access-hospital/provision-of-care-treatment-and-services-pc/000001669/. Accessed 5/25/24.
  14. 14.World Health Organization. Palliative Care Definition. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/palliative-care Accessed 5/25/24.
  15. 15.National Consensus Project. Clinical practice guidelines for quality palliative care, 4th ed. Richmond, VA: National Coalition for Hospice and Palliative Care. 2018. https://www.nationalcoalitionhpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/NCHPC-NCPGuidelines_4thED_web_FINAL.pdf (accessed 5/25/24).
  16. 16.AMA Policy H-160.900. Addressing patient spirituality in medicine. https://policysearch.ama-assn.org/policyfinder/detail/Addressing%20Patient%20Spirituality%20in%20Medicine%20H-160.900?uri=%2FAMADoc%2FHOD-160.900.xml Accessed 5/25/24.
  17. 17.AAMC. Recommendations for Clinical Skills Curricula for Undergraduate Medical Education. (p.18 https://store.aamc.org/downloadable/download/sample/sample_id/174/Accessed5/25/24
  18. 18.ACGME. Program Requirements for Graduate Medical Education in Family Medicine. https://www.acgme.org/globalassets/pfassets/programrequirements/120_familymedicine_2022.pdf p.25 Accessed 5/25/24.
  19. 19.American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine Core Competencies. http://aahpm.org/uploads/education/competencies/Competencies%20v.%202.3.pdf Accessed 5/25/24.
  20. 20.The EPICC Spiritual Care Competency Self-Assessment Tool (UK, English. Chinese, Dutch, Italian, Norwegian and Dutch versions) https://blogs.staffs.ac.uk/epicc/resources-and-tools/the-epicc-spiritual-care-competency-self-assessment-tool/ Accessed 5/25/24.
  21. 21.Spiritual care added to Canada’s palliative care competency framework (Oct 25th. 2023). https://www.partnershipagainstcancer.ca/news-events/news/article/spiritual-care-palliative-care-competency-framework/ Accessed 5/25/24.
  22. TE Quill, AP Abernethy. Generalist plus specialist palliative care– creating a more sustainable model. N Engl J Med, 2013. [PubMed]
  23. J Jeuland, G Fitchett, D Schulman-Green, J Kapo. Chaplains working in palliative care: who they are and what they do??. J Palliat Med, 2017. [PubMed]
  24. A Vandenhoeck. Chaplains as specialists in spiritual care for patients in Europe. Pol Arch Med Wewn, 2013. [PubMed]
  25. W Cadge. Training healthcare chaplains: yesterday, today and tomorrow. J Pastoral Care Counsel, 2019. [PubMed]
  26. MR Ellis, DC Vinson, B Ewigman. Addressing spiritual concerns of patients: family physicians’ attitudes and practices. J Fam Pract, 1999. [PubMed]
  27. DE King, B Bushwick. Beliefs and attitudes of hospital inpatients about faith healing and prayer. J Fam Pract, 1994. [PubMed]
  28. TA Maugans, WC Wadland. Religion and family medicine: a survey of physicians and patients. J Fam Pract, 1991. [PubMed]
  29. O Oyama, HG Koenig. Religious beliefs and practices in family medicine. Arch Fam Med, 1998. [PubMed]
  30. JW Ehman, BB Ott, TH Short, RC Ciampa, J Hansen-Flaschen. Do patients want physicians to inquire about their spiritual or religious beliefs if they become gravely ill?. Arch Intern Med, 1999. [PubMed]
  31. TP Daaleman, B Frey. Spiritual and religious beliefs and practices of family physicians: a National survey. J Fam Pract, 1999. [PubMed]
  32. W Cadge, J Bandini. The evolution of spiritual assessment tools in healthcare. Soc (New Brunswick), 2015
  33. 33.Lucchetti G, Bassi RM, Lucchetti ALG. Taking Spiritual History in Clinical Practice: A Systematic Review of Instruments. Explore (NY). 2013 May-Jun;9(3):159– 70. 10.1016/j.explore.2013.02.004
  34. M Blaber, J Jone, D Willis. Spiritual care: which is the best assessment tool for palliative settings?. Int J Palliat Nurs, 2015. [PubMed]
  35. C Puchalski, AL Romer. Taking a spiritual history allows clinicians to understand patients more fully. J Palliat Med, 2000. [PubMed]
  36. G Anandarajah, E Hight. Spirituality and medical practice: using the HOPE questions as a practical tool for spiritual assessment. Am Fam Physician, 2001. [PubMed]
  37. TA Maugans. The spiritual history. Arch Fam Med, 1996. [PubMed]
  38. D Neely, ME Faith. Spiritual history-taking made easy. Clin Teach, 2009
  39. HG Koenig. An 83-year-old woman with chronic illness and strong religious beliefs. JAMA, 2002. [PubMed]
  40. G Fitchett. Assessing spiritual Need: A Guide for caregivers, 2002
  41. 41.Peterman AH, Fitchett G, Brady MJ, Hernandez L, Cella D. Measuring spiritual well-being in people with cancer: the functional assessment of chronic illness therapy–Spiritual Well-being scale (FACIT-Sp). Ann Behav Med. 2002 Winter;24(1):49–58. 10.1207/S15324796ABM2401_06.
  42. AC Phelps. Addressing spirituality within the care of patients at the end of life: perspectives of patients with advanced cancer, oncologists and oncology nurses. J Clin Oncol, 2012. [PubMed]
  43. MJ Balboni. Why is spiritual care infrequent at the end of life? Spiritual care perceptions among patients, nurses, and physicians and the role of training. J Clin Oncol, 2013. [PubMed]
  44. M Best, P Butow, I Olver. Do patients want Doctors to talk about spirituality? A systematic literature review. Patient Edu Couns, 2015
  45. CM Puchalski, R Vitillo, SK Hull. Improving the spiritual dimension of whole person care: reaching National and international consensus. J Palliat Med, 2014. [PubMed]
  46. TA Balboni. State of the science of spirituality and palliative care research part II: screening, assessment, and interventions. J Pain Symptom Manag, 2017
  47. R Armitage. Spiritual care and primary healthcare. Lancet Reg Health- Europe, 2023. [PubMed]
  48. O Whitehead, C Jagger, B Hanratty. What do Doctors understand by spiritual health? A survey of UK general practitioners. BMJ Open, 2021. [PubMed]
  49. 49.Vermandere M et al. Spirituality in general practice: A qualitative evidence synthesis. British J Gen Pract. 2011; Nov; 61(592):e749-60. 10.3399/bjgp11X606663
  50. 50.Elwyn G et al. Shared decision making: A model for clinical practice. J Gen Int Med 27(10):1361–7.
  51. H Bomhof-Roordink, FR Gärtner, AM Stiggelbout. Key components of shared decision making models: a systematic review. BMJ Open, 2019. [PubMed]
  52. VY Siebinga. Shared decision making, patient-centered communication and patient satisfaction – A cross-sectional analysis. Patient Edu Couns, 2022
  53. H Arksey, L O’Malley. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol, 2005
  54. D Levac, H Colquhoun, KK O’Brien. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci, 2010. [PubMed]
  55. AC Tricco. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med, 2018. [PubMed]
  56. 56.Corporation for Digital Scholarship. Zotero software (6.0.37). https://www.zotero.org/support/credits_and_acknowledgments (accessed Jan 30, 2025).
  57. GO Boatang, TB Neilands, EA Frongillo, HR Melgar-Quinonez, SL Young. Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social and behavioral research: A primer. Front Public Health, 2018. [PubMed]
  58. P Ranganathan, C Caduff, CM Frampton. Designing and validating a research questionnaire – Part 2. Perspect Clin Res, 2024. [PubMed]
  59. H Noble, J Smith. Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research. Evid Based Nurs, 2015. [PubMed]
  60. L Leung. Validity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research. J Fam Med Prim Care, 2015
  61. RM Epstein. Measuring patient-centered communication in patient = physician consultations: theoretical and practical issues. Social Sci Med, 2005
  62. CW Brennan, BJ Daly. Methodological challenges of validating a clinical decision-making tool in the practice environment. West J Nurs Res, 2015. [PubMed]
  63. F Légaré. Validating a conceptual model for an inter-professional approach to shared decision making: a mixed methods study. J Eval Clin Pract, 2011. [PubMed]
  64. S Brady, W Proctor. Pain free for life: the 6-Week cure for chronic Pain–Without surgery or drugs, 2007
  65. 65.Gibeau C. accessed Jan 20,. Perception and quality of life: contrasting personal faith-based wellness and the traditional medical models of care used in alcohol abuse and addiction treatment programs. Masters Thesis. Smith College. Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/1195/ (2025).
  66. L Wynne. Spiritual care at the end of life. Nurs Standard (through 2013), 2013
  67. S Gomi, VR Starnino, ER Canda. Spiritual assessment in mental health recovery. Commun Ment Health J, 2014
  68. EA Hvidt. Development of the EMAP tool facilitating existential communication between general practitioners and Cancer patients. Eur J Gen Prac, 2017
  69. K Larson. The importance of spiritual assessment: one clinician’s journey. Geri Nurs, 2003
  70. M Chrash, B Mulich, CM Patton. The APN role in holistic assessment and integration of spiritual assessment for advanced care planning. J Am Acad Nurse Pract, 2011
  71. 71.Hemphill B. Spiritual assessments in occupational therapy. The Open J of Occup Therapy. 2015; 3(3). 10.15453/2168-6408.1159. (accessed Jan 20, 2025).
  72. DN Finocchiaro. Supporting the patient’s spiritual needs at the end of life. Nursing, 2016. [PubMed]
  73. MK Sandor, VS Sierpina, HV Vanderpool, SV Owen. Spirituality and clinical care: exploring developmental changes in nursing and medical students. Explore: J Sci Healing, 2006
  74. CBD Feldstein, M Grudzen, A Johnson, S LeBaron. Integrating spirituality and culture with End-of-Life care in medical education. Clin Gerontologist, 2008
  75. BD Dugan, JA Kyle, CW Kyle, C Birnie, W Wahba. Integrating spirituality in patient care: Preparing students for the challenges ahead. Currents Pharm Teach Learn, 2011
  76. G Prescott, J Venci, E Bednarzyk. An advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) in spirituality and ethics at a secular school. Christianity Pharm, 2012
  77. N Elliott. Faith, ethics and social work: framework for an introductory lecture. Ethics Social Welf, 2017
  78. G Milstein, D Middel, A Espinosa. Consumers, clergy, and clinicians in collaboration: ongoing implementation and evaluation of a mental wellness program. Am J Psych Rehab, 2017
  79. 79.Patton LA. Education and standardized discussion guides to enhance nurses’ spiritual care practices in the medical intensive care unit. 2018. Case Western Reserve University, Doctoral dissertation. OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center, http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=casednp1519836081431734. (accessed Jan 30, 2025).
  80. KF Jones, J Pryor, C Care-Unger, G Simpson. Spirituality is everybody’s business: an exploration of the impact of spiritual care training upon the perceptions and practice of rehabilitation professionals. Disabil Rehabil, 2020. [PubMed]
  81. J Hunt. Bio-psycho-social-spiritual assessment? Teaching the skill of spiritual assessment. Social Work Christianity, 2014
  82. 82.Fick JL. Patient Perspectives on Discussing Spirituality in Genetics Clinic: A Cross-sectional Analysis of Relevance and Comfort. 2006. University of Cincinnati, Master’s thesis. OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1148316686. (accessed Jan 20, 2025).
  83. 83.Seth SG, Goka T, Harbison A, Hollier L, Peterson S, Ramondetta L, Noblin SJ. Exploring the role of religiosity and spirituality in amniocentesis Decision-Making among Latinas. J Genet Counsel. 201; 20:660–73.
  84. 84.Thangathurai D. Spirituality of caretakers and end of life care. The Chicago School of Professional Psychology ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. 2010. 10280460. Publicly Available Content Database. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/spirituality-caretakers-end-life-care/docview/1939044110/se-2 (accessed Jan 20, 2025).
  85. S Iranmanesh. Developing and testing a spiritual care questionnaire in the Iranian context. J Relig Health, 2012. [PubMed]
  86. AI Adanikin, U Onwudiegwu, AA Akintayo. Reshaping maternal services in nigeria: any need for spiritual care?. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2014. [PubMed]
  87. 87.Motl J. Spiritualita a duševní nemoc… Spirituality and Mental Disorder: The Role of Spirituality in the Lives of People with Experience of Psychosis. Doctoral Thesis.2016. Charles University in Prague Faculty of Arts Institute of Philosophy and Religious Studies. https://dspace.cuni.cz/bitstream/handle/20.500.11956/78575/140048882.pdf?sequence=1.(Accessed Jan 20, 2024).
  88. M Briggs, JA Morzinski, J Ellis. Influences of a church-based intervention on falls risk among seniors. Wis Med J, 2017
  89. 89.McNair T. Nurses’ perspectives on spiritual care and its connection to healing. 2018. Honors Thesis. School of Nursing at Salem State University. https://digitalrepository.salemstate.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13013/659/auto_convert.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y. (accessed Jan 20, 2025).
  90. 90.Oliviera JAC. accessed Jan 20,. Desafios do cuidado integral em saúde: a dimensão espiritual do médico se relaciona com sua prática na abordagem espiritual do paciente? 2018. Masters Thesis. Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Brazil. https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5137/tde-28092018-083224/pt-br.php (2025).
  91. JL Brown. The experiences of seven women living with pelvic surgical mesh complications. Int Urogynecol J, 2020. [PubMed]
  92. 92.Barbosa ACP. Abordar a espiritualidade/religiosidade em consulta: O papel da formação em comunicação clínica sob a perspetiva dos médicos de família. Addressing spirituality/religiosity in consultation: The role of training in clinical communication from the perspective of family doctors. Thesis. 2022. Faculty of Medicine, Univ Porto. Portugal. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/147894/2/609266.pdf. (accessed Jan 20, 2025).
  93. S Mastrangelo, S Mastrangelo, E Rochat, M Pruijm. Exploration of the spiritual expectations of patients in a Swiss Hemodialysis center. Kidney Dialysis, 2025
  94. 94.Kuhl CD, Major US, Airforce. Spiritually commanding an airforce squadron in the 21st century. Research Report. Maxwell Air Force Base. 2005. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA476165.pdf. (accessed Jan 20, 2025).
  95. 95.Kellaher K, MBA Thesis. How servant leadership influences Healthcare’s value-based care. 2021. The College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/how-servant-leadership-influences-healthcare-s/docview/2548660861/se-2 (accessed Jan 20, 2025).
  96. 96.Blum D. L’accompagnement spirituel religieux en Unité de Soins Palliatifs: effet d’un entretien spirituel sur le recours à l’aumônerie. Médecine humaine et pathologie. 2014. https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01095976v1/file/2014GRE15121_blum_denis(1)(D).pdf (accessed Jan 24, 2025).
  97. 97.Paswan RK, Pushp B, Aswal S, Motwani Y. (2019). Use spirituality related beliefs in treatment of psychiatric illness. International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies. 2019; 3(10): 227–229.
  98. 98.Stratton RG. The difference in satisfaction of religious and nonreligious hospital patients who received chaplain interventions. 2019. Thesis. Available from ProQuest Central; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2303232499). Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/difference-satisfaction-religious-nonreligious/docview/2303232499/se-2. (accessed Jan 24, 2025).
  99. 99.King DE, Blue A, Mallin R, Thiedke C. Implementation and assessment of a spiritual history taking curriculum in the first year of medical school. Teach Learn Med 2004; 16:64–68. 10.1207/s15328015tlm1601_13. PMID: 14987177.
  100. MA Attar. Pediatric residents’ competency in communicating bad news and eliciting spiritual needs: development and evaluation of a Skills-Based curriculum. J Neonatal-Perinatal Med, 2010
  101. B Lind, S Sendelbach, S Steen. Effects of a spirituality training program for nurses on patients in a progressive care unit. Crit Care Nurse, 2011. [PubMed]
  102. G Anandarajah. A 10-Year longitudinal study of effects of a multifaceted residency spiritual care curriculum: clinical ability, professional formation, end of life, and culture. J Pain Symp Manage, 2016
  103. 103.Thomas AJ. An educational program for nurses to incorporate spiritual care into clinical practice. 2022. Thesis. Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2692131738). Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/educational-program-nurses-incorporate-spiritual/docview/2692131738/se-2. (accessed Jan 24, 2025.
  104. SL Kimball. Embedding chaplaincy services in primary care for immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers: A Boston pilot intervention. J Relig Health, 2023. [PubMed]
  105. RS Bush, B Baliko, P Raynor. Building spiritual care competency in undergraduate psychiatric mental health nursing students: A quality improvement project. J Holist Nurs, 2023. [PubMed]
  106. 106.Georgio B. accessed Jan 30,. Valuing education for future consciousness: The role of connectedness and hope. An empirical study of an Australian cohort of first year psychology students. Paper presented at 2nd Asia-Pacific Educational Integrity Conference: Educational Integrity: Values in Teaching, Learning & Research Newcastle 2–3 December 2005. http://brahmakumaris.info/download/BK%20Academic%20papers/Giorgio-latest.pdf. (2025).
  107. PS Gupta, G Anandarajah. The role of spirituality in diabetes self-management in an urban, underserved population: a qualitative exploratory study. RI Med J (2013), 2014
  108. B Estupiñan, J Kibble. The relationship between spirituality and burnout in the lives of medical students. Med Sci Educ, 2018
  109. S Jones, K Sutton, A Isaacs. Concepts, practices and advantages of spirituality among people with a chronic mental illness in Melbourne. J Relig Health, 2019. [PubMed]
  110. 110.Jones JEH. accessed Jan 30,. Spirituality and the adult survivor of parental suicide: A qualitative investigation. 2018. (Order No. 10751782). Available from ProQuest Central; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2029861370). https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/spirituality-adult-survivor-parental-suicide/docview/2029861370/se-2. (2025).
  111. A Jamil, LJ Jonkman, M Miller, L Jennings, SE Connor. Medication adherence and health beliefs among South Asian immigrants with diabetes in the united states: A qualitative study. J Am Coll Clin Pharm, 2022
  112. 112.Di Placido M, Palmisano S, Timmins F. (2023). Institutional, Nurses’ and Patients’ Spiritual Imaginaries Compared: Sociological Notes from the Field. Fieldwork in Religion. 2023;18(2):158–183. 10.1558/firn.25878 (accessed Jan 30, 2025).
  113. 113.Kirkpatrick JD, Kirkpatrick WK. Kirkpatrick’s four levels of training evaluation. (Based on the groundbreaking work of Donald Kirkpatrick). 2016. Alexandria, VA:ADT Press.
  114. LM Reis, R Baumiller, W Scrivener, G Yager, NS Warren. Spiritual assessment in genetic counseling. J Genet Counsel, 2007
  115. 115.Koster M. Zingeving in het consult van de huisarts. University of Groningen Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies. Thesis – Master of Spiritual Care. 2010. https://rcs.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl/190/1/0910-GV%20%20KOSTER%20M.%20Ma-scriptie.pdf (accessed Jan 30, 2025).
  116. M Fopka-Kowalczyk, M Machul, B Dobrowolska. Research protocol of the Polish adaption and validation of HOPE scale: qualitative measurement of patients’ spiritual needs. J Pall Med, 2022
  117. IO Whitehead, C Jagger, B Hanratty. Discussing spiritual health in primary care and the HOPE tool—A mixed methods survey of GP views. PLoS ONE, 2022. [PubMed]
  118. 118.Pennaertz R. Spirituele diagnostiek: Diagnostische instrumenten voor primaire zorgverleners in de palliatieve zorg in Nederland. Spiritual diagnosis: Diagnostic instruments for primary care providers in palliative care in the Netherlands. Masters Thesis. University of Groningen. Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies. 2013. https://ggw.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl/118/1/1314-GV%20%20%20PENNAERTS%20R.%20%20Ma-scriptie%20%20definitieve%20versie.pdf (accessed Jan 30, 2025).
  119. 119.Wijker DDE. Kan Ik u Ergens Mee Helpen? Vaststellen van Spirituele Zorgbehoeften Bij Patiënten Die Zijn Opgenomen in Een Algemeen Ziekenhuis. Can I help you with anything? Determining Spiritual Care Needs in Patients Admitted to a General Hospital. Master’s Thesis. Theology and Spiritual Care. Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies Faculty of Humanities, Utrecht University. 2014. https://studenttheses.uu.nl/handle/20.500.12932/18771 (accessed Jan 30, 2025).
  120. 120.de Queiroz CM, Abdalla IR, Aragão RDD, de Hermita RP. M. 2022. Anamnese espiritual e relação médico-paciente: revisão e reconstrução de um instrumento cotidiano: Spiritual anamnesis and doctor-patient relationship: review and reconstruction of a daily routine instrument. Studies in Health Sci. 2022;3(2 May): 1128–1141.
  121. LF Piotrowski. Advocating and educating for spiritual screening assessment and referrals to chaplains. OMEGA – J Death Dying, 2013
  122. 122.Memaryan N, Rasouli M, Ghaempanah Z, Mehrabi M. (2021). An Islamic Model for Taking Patients’ Spiritual History: Islamic Model of Taking Spiritual History. Bioethics and Health Law Journal (BHL). 2021;1(1):1–8 (e23).
  123. 123.Brown P. (2021). An investigation of the presence of religion and spirituality in social work education focusing on social work educators’ familiarity with spiritual assessment tools. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2557837863). Thesis. Doctor of Philosophy in Social Welfare (Ph.D.) Wurzweiler School of Social Work Yeshiva University New York. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/investigation-presence-religion-spirituality/docview/2557837863/se-2 (accessed Jan 30, 2025).
  124. KF Jones, J Washington, M Kearney, D Kissane, MC Best. Australian perspectives on spiritual care training in healthcare: A Delphi study. Palliat Supportive Care, 2021
  125. 125.Campbell D, Robison J (Gigi), Godsey JA, editors. Standardized Spiritual Screening Increases Chaplain Referrals Through the EMR: A Nurse-Chaplain Collaboration for Holistic Acute Healthcare. Journal of Holistic Nursing. 2023;41(1):30–39. 10.1177/08980101221079463
  126. 126.Précoma DB et al. Atualização Da Diretriz de Prevenção Cardiovascular Da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia-2019. Updated Cardiovascular Prevention Guideline of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology–. 2019. Brazilian Society of Cardiology (Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia– SBC). http://publicacoes.cardiol.br/portal/abc/portugues/aop/2019/aop-diretriz-prevencao-cardiovascular-portugues.pdf (accessed Jan 30, 2025).
  127. 127.Abuchaim SCB. Espiritualidade/religiosidade como recurso terapêutico na prática clínica: concepção dos estudantes de graduação em medicina da Escola Paulista de Medicina. Spirituality/religiosity as a therapeutic resource in clinical practice: conception of undergraduate medical students at Escola Paulista de Medicina. 2018. Dissertation (Master’s Degree). Paulista School of Nursing, Federal University of São Paulo. https://repositorio.unifesp.br/items/506e4e6c-7ff7-4273-b46d-c0c7e3ae9208 (a
  128. 128.Canteros MF. 2016. Importancia de los aspectos espirituales y religiosos en la atención de pacientes quirúrgicos. Importance of spiritual and religious aspects in treatment of surgical patients. Revista Chilena de Cirugía. 2016;68(3):258–264.
  129. M Fonseca. Atención de Las necesidades espirituales y religiosas de Pacientes Por personal de salud. Un Modelo Basado En El acompañamiento espiritual. Rev Cir, 2022
  130. 130.Vasquez Vásquez G, Fernández. and O. M. Murillo Picado. Abordaje Integral de Los Cuidados Espirituales En Salud En Atención Primaria: Revisión Bibliográfica. https://repositorio.sibdi.ucr.ac.cr/items/8db1e8ff-63a5-4315-9577-49084023c076. (accessed 1/20/25).
  131. 131.Opatrný M. Einschätzung Der Spiritualität in Der Sozialen Arbeit. Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356645874_Einschatzung_der_Spiritualitat_in_der_Sozialen_Arbeit. (German version – Accessed Jan 20, 2025). Opatrný, M. III. 2. La Evaluación de La Espiritualidad En El Trabajo Social. Espiritualidad, Ética y Trabajo Social. https://d-nb.info/1242409475/34#page=137. (Spanish version– Accessed Jan 20, 2025) Opatrný, M. La spiritualite, l’ethique et le travail
  132. G Fitchett. Next steps for spiritual assessment in healthcare. Oxford textbook of spirituality in healthcare, 2012
  133. B Rumbold. A review of spiritual assessment in health care practice. Med J Australia, 2007. [PubMed]
  134. G Anandarajah, G Sleeth, M Mennillo, A Srinivasan. Transforming narratives of physician identity formation and healing: a longitudinal qualitative study of physicians’ stories about spirituality and medicine, from residency to practice. BMC Med Educ, 2025. [PubMed]
  135. 135.Jones L. Spiritual assessment in hospice. Hospice Chaplaincy. 2019. https://hospicechaplaincy.com/2019/03/22/spiritual-assessment-in-hospice/ (accessed June 7, 2025.
  136. 136.Robinson DE, Pastoral Care. A new model for assessing the spiritual needs of hospitalized patients. Doctor of Ministry Thesis 2012. Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary, California, USA. Available at https://search.proquest.com/openview/04401b1fce0d6915713b616588f6b95f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750. (accessed June 8th 2025).
  137. IO Whitehead, S Moffatt, S Warwick. A systematic review of the relationship between burn-out and spiritual health in Doctors. BMJ Open, 2023. [PubMed]
  138. G Anandarajah, F Craigie, R Hatch. Toward competency-based curricula in patient-centered spiritual care: recommended competencies for family medicine resident education. Acad Med, 2010. [PubMed]
  139. JR Fuchs, JW Fuchs, JM Hauser, ME Coors. Patient desire for spiritual assessment is unmet in urban and rural primary care settings. BMC Health Serv Res, 2021. [PubMed]
  140. 140.Rushton L. What are the barriers to spiritual care in a hospital setting? Br J Nurs. 2014 Apr;10–23(7):370–4.
  141. W McSherry, L Ross, J Attard. Preparing undergraduate nurses and midwives for spiritual care: some developments in European education over the last decade. J Study Spiritual, 2020

Related Posts

The content on this platform is provided for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions.