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Use of industrial hemp byproducts in ruminants: a review of the nutritional profile, animal response, constraints, and global regulatory environment

Abstract

Background:

The legalization of industrial hemp, Cannabis sativa L., which contains < 0.3% ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC), in many countries, has led to a significant rise in its cultivation. Consequently, byproducts derived from industrial hemp processing have resulted in numerous emerging potential feed ingredients, including hempseed byproduct (HSB; hempseed cake or hempseed meal) from seed processing, hemp hurds, and hemp stalk from fiber processing, and spent hemp biomass (SHB) from cannabinoids extraction. Research to assess the potential use of these byproducts as animal feed is progressing.

Method:

We provide an overview of the nutritional characteristics of the various hemp byproducts and provide a meta-analysis of 26 empirical studies investigating the use of hemp byproducts on ruminants. Using those studies, we delved into a comprehensive assessment regarding the effects of HSB and SHB on the health and performance of the animals.

Results:

Overall, HSB and SHB possess excellent nutritional profiles due to their high protein content and, particularly for HSB, desirable fatty acids profile can partially replace protein-source ingredients such as soybean meal, dried distillers’ grains with soluble, canola meal, and alfalfa in the diets of ruminants. These byproducts contain diverse phytochemicals with antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Data do not reveal any significant concern for the health of the animals fed hemp byproducts and, with few exceptions, the data do not indicate a substantial effect on performance; dietary inclusion of HSB, however, has a deleterious impact on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility when given as raw HSB without dehulling, reducing the growth performance of meat-producing ruminants. On the other hand, SHB has low palatability overall but does not impair production performance.

Conclusions:

Although they can be promising feed ingredients for ruminants, their present use as feed ingredients is limited by the residuals of THC and CBD. Our comprehensive review of the current legal status of hemp byproducts worldwide highlighted a complex scenario with some countries allowing the use of hemp byproducts as feed ingredients, some with no clear regulations, and some countries where a path for the regulation has started, such as the US. Still, no hemp byproducts are yet legal as a feed ingredient for ruminants.

Supplementary Information:

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42238-025-00279-7.

Article type: Review Article

Keywords: Cannabis sativa, Feed alternative, Hemp byproduct, Industrial hemp, Ruminants

Authors: Agung Irawan ⚬, Hunter Buffington, Serkan Ates ⚬, Massimo Bionaz ⚬

Affiliations: https://ror.org/00ysfqy60grid.4391.f0000 0001 2112 1969Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA; https://ror.org/021hq5q33grid.444517.70000 0004 1763 5731Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 57126 Indonesia; Agriculture Policy Solutions, Loveland, CO 80538 USA

License: © The Author(s) 2025 CC BY 4.0 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Article links: DOI: 10.1186/s42238-025-00279-7  |  PubMed: 40369700  |  PMC: PMC12076842

Relevance: Core topic: mentioned in title and keywords

Full text: PDF (3.8 MB)

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