Immunomodulatory effects of cannabis use: a multi-omics study in people living with HIV

Abstract Background: Cannabis is one of the most commonly used substances worldwide. Cannabinoids are known to have anti-inflammatory effects. However, cannabis is mainly smoked, resulting in exposure to reactive particles, toxins and oxidants, inducing pro-inflammatory effects. Because the net immunological effect of cannabis use on systemic inflammation and immune function has barely been studied in humans, we assessed this in a large cohort of people living with HIV (PLHIV), while taking into account the effects of tobacco use. Methods: This