Interventions to enhance HIV medication adherence among individuals using substances: a systematic review and critique of the literature

Abstract Medication adherence is essential to achieve sustained viral suppression for individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The use of alcohol and substances may interfere with medication adherence and lead to adverse outcomes. Thus, this review sought to examine the literature on behavioral interventions that improve medication adherence among individuals with HIV who are using alcohol or drugs. Articles were included if they met the following criteria: (a) included individuals diagnosed with HIV (b) were published in English between