A decade of change: trends in drug and alcohol use in Iran (2010–2019)

Abstract Background: Drug and alcohol use poses critical public health challenges. This study estimated the prevalence of drug and alcohol use in Iran for 2019 and assessed its trends over the last decade, comparing 2019 data with our previous estimates in 2013 and 2016. Method: In 2019, 16,733 individuals from 31 provinces were recruited. Network scale-up methodology was applied to estimate the annual prevalence of drug and alcohol use. Results were adjusted for popularity, visibility, and recognition biases. Data from