Cannabidiol perturbs macrophage polarization by interfering with the metabolic flux and PI3K/Akt pathway

Abstract Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-33360-5. Article type: Research Article Keywords: Cannabidiol, Macrophage, Metabolic flux, M1/M2 polarization, Biochemistry, Cell biology, Diseases, Drug discovery, Immunology Authors: Thadaphong Sukdee, Benjawan Wongprom, Thitiporn Pattarakarnkul, Asada Leelahavanichkul, Awirut Charoensappakit, Kritsanawan Sae‑khow, Phanomsak Yukhet, Tirayut Vilaivan, Tanapat Palaga Affiliations: https://ror.org/028wp3y58grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Medical Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand; https://ror.org/028wp3y58grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune‑Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand;