Nitrogen source and solution strength modulate cannabinoid and antioxidant profiles in medicinal cannabis grown in a deep-water culture system

Abstract The optimization of nitrogen nutrition is critical for standardizing the production of bioactive compounds in medicinal Cannabis sativa L. Although deep-water culture (DWC) systems offer precise control over nutrient delivery, the specific effects of ammonium-to-nitrate (NH4+:NO3−) ratios and nutrient solution strength on the phytochemical composition of cannabis flowers remain poorly understood. Notably, this study is the first to jointly examine the combined influence of the NH4+:NO3− ratio and solution strength in a DWC system for cannabis. This study investigated