Social Support From Parent/Caregiver
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Social support from parents/caregivers is assessed with 6 items which are responded to on a 4-point scale where 1 = never and 4 = often. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater support.
Social Support From Friend
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Social support from a friend is assessed with 6 items, which are responded to on a 4-point scale where 1 = never and 4 = often. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater support.
Social Support From Teacher
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Social support from a teacher is assessed with 6 items, which are responded to on a 4-point scale where 1 = never and 4 = often. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater support.
Social Support From Other Adult
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Social support from an adult, other than a parent/caregiver or teacher, is assessed with 6 items which are responded to on a 4-point scale where 1 = never and 4 = often. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater support.
Perceived Availability of Alcohol
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Ease or difficulty in accessing alcohol is assessed with 4 items using a 4-point scale where 1 = very difficult to get and 4 = very easy to get. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater ease of availability.
Perceived Availability of Marijuana
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Ease or difficulty in accessing marijuana is assessed with 5 items using a 4-point scale where 1 = very difficult to get and 4 = very easy to get. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater ease of availability.
Perceived Availability of Prescription Opioids
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Ease or difficulty in accessing prescription opioids is assessed with 5 items using a 4-point scale where 1 = very difficult to get and 4 = very easy to get. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater ease of availability.
Social Normative Beliefs About Alcohol Use
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Participants are asked 4 items to assess if they think various social groups (parents, community adults, peers, self) disapprove of young people drinking alcohol. Responses are given as 1 = don't disapprove, 2 = disapprove, and 3 = strongly disapprove. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 3, with higher scores indicating stronger disapproval
Social Normative Beliefs About Marijuana
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Participants are asked 4 items to assess if they think various social groups (parents, community adults, peers, self) disapprove of young people using marijuana. Responses are given as 1 = don't disapprove, 2 = disapprove, and 3 = strongly disapprove. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 3, with higher scores indicating stronger disapproval.
Social Normative Beliefs About Prescription Opioids
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Participants are asked 4 items to assess if they think various social groups (parents, community adults, peers, self) disapprove of young people missing prescription opioids. Responses are given as 1 = don't disapprove, 2 = disapprove, and 3 = strongly disapprove. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 3, with higher scores indicating stronger disapproval.
Self-Efficacy
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Self-efficacy is assessed with 3 items asking how easy or hard it would be for participants to ask for help or refuse alcohol or drugs. Responses given on a 4-point scale, where 1 = very easy and 4 = very hard. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 4, with lower scores indicating increased self-efficacy.
Normative Estimates of Peer Drug Use
Time frame: Surveys were administered each fall and spring semester from baseline (fall of 10th grade) to spring of 12th grade (up to 31 months and 19 days)
Normative estimates of peer drug use (alcohol, marijuana, prescription opioid misuse) are assessed with 3 items asking about how many of their peers in school used drugs in the past year. Possible responses are 1 = none or almost none, 2 = less than half, 3 = about half, 4 = more than half, and 5 = almost all or all. The total score is expressed as the mean across items and ranges from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating higher normative estimates of peer drug use.
Proportion of Participants With Alcohol Use 6 Months Post-Graduation
Time frame: 6 Months Post-Graduation
Model predicted proportion of participants with alcohol use in the past 30 days is compared between study arms. The Least Squares Mean values are limited to the 6-month post-graduation time point while adjusting for baseline use.
Proportion of Participants With Heavy Alcohol Use 6 Months Post-Graduation
Time frame: 6 Months Post-Graduation
Model predicted proportion of participants with heavy alcohol use in the past 30 days is compared between study arms. Heavy alcohol use is defined as having at least four (among young women) or five (among young men) alcoholic drinks within a couple of hours. The Least Squares Mean values are limited to the 6-month post-graduation time point while adjusting for baseline use.
Proportion of Participants With Marijuana Use 6 Months Post-Graduation
Time frame: 6 Months Post-Graduation
Model predicted proportion of participants with marijuana use in the past 30 days is compared between study arms. The Least Squares Mean values are limited to the 6-month post-graduation time point while adjusting for baseline use.
Number of Participants With Opioid Drug Misuse 6 Months Post-Graduation
Time frame: 6 Months Post-Graduation
The number of participants reporting prescription opioid misuse in the past 30 days at the survey administered 6-month post-graduation.