Marijuana
Smoked plant with THC
CannabisLoading study record…
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In this translational research proposal, based on our formulation, we seek to confirm and expand upon data obtained in our pilot study suggesting that cannabis and the cannabinoid agonist dronabinol, given in low dose to patients with schizophrenia and co-occurring cannabis use disorder, will in fact ameliorate the brain reward circuit dysregulation in these patients and, thereby, provide evidence in support of the role of cannabis as a "self-medication" agent for them.
Locally preserved from ClinicalTrials.govOpen ClinicalTrials.govlast source update 2025-12-09
What this record can show
Results are reported by the registry submitter and preserved exactly. They are not independent verification or a treatment recommendation.
Registry facts
Substance use disorders are strikingly common in patients with schizophrenia and contribute to its morbidity and cost to society. We have proposed a neurobiological formulation suggesting that cannabis and other substance use in these patients may ameliorate a dysfunction in the brain reward circuit(thus serving a "self-medication" function), while also worsening the symptoms and course of schizophrenia. In this translational research proposal, based on our formulation, we seek to confirm and expand upon data obtained in our pilot study suggesting that cannabis and the cannabinoid agonist dronabinol, given in low dose to patients with schizophrenia and co-occurring cannabis use disorder, will in fact ameliorate the brain reward circuit dysregulation in these patients and, thereby, provide evidence in support of the role of cannabis as a "self-medication" agent for them. Also, by also testing the full range of effects produced by dronabinol (effects on brain reward circuitry assessed with task-based function MRI and resting state connectivity), as well as on reward responsiveness, mood, craving, cognition, psychiatric and extrapyramidal symptoms), we will provide clues as to whether dronabinol should be tried in low doses as an adjunctive agent (with an antipsychotic medication) to limit cannabis use in patients with schizophrenia. This study will involve 8 groups of 25 participants each. Groups 1-3 will have diagnoses of schizophrenia and cannabis use disorder; Group 4 will have schizophrenia only, Groups 5-7 will have cannabis use disorder only and Group 8 will be healthy control participants. Following screening and baseline neuropsychiatric testing, participants will have two tests days (T1 and T2) that will include task-based functional MRI, including assessment of resting state connectivity, and measuring a number of other parameters including reward responsiveness, mood, craving, symptoms and cognition. The assessments at T1 will be virtually the same for all groups. At T2 Groups 1-3, and Groups 5-7 will be randomly assigned to one of the following conditions prior to the assessments: receiving 15mg of dronabinol and smoking a placebo marijuana cigarette, receiving a placebo pill and smoking a real marijuana cigarette, or receiving a placebo pill and smoking a placebo marijuana cigarette. Group 4 and Group 8 will receive no drug or placebo at T2. Participants receiving drug will have safety assessments before the drug is administered, after the drug is administered but before leaving the research clinic for the day, and again a week later.
Linked local records
Local links use governed condition terms or exact source-reported intervention names. They are navigation candidates, not efficacy claims.
Interventions
Smoked plant with THC
CannabisCapsule with THC
MarinolCapsule with no active ingredient
Source-reported results
Results are reported by the registry submitter and preserved exactly. They are not independent verification or a treatment recommendation.
Activation of the Brain Reward Circuit (particularly the nucleus accumbens) in anticipation of monetary reward. The 'Measure' is a mean of the Fisher-Z transform of the inter-regional correlation measured for each participant between the nucleus accumbens and anterior cingulate cortex. The Fisher-transformation creates a normally distributed correlation value for statistical analyses assessing between group differences. A Fisher-Z transform of '0' represents a value of '0' for the estimated correlation, which represents no correlation in the activity time series between the regions. The values reflect strengths of functional connectivity between brain regions that can be compared between groups (e.g. Healthy controls and SCZ-CUD groups who received different study drugs). Means and standard deviations similar to healthy controls would be considered a good outcome.
| Group | N | Value | Spread / interval |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD | 11 | 0.05 | 0.098 |
| Dronabinol and placebo cigarette. SCZ-CUD | 12 | 0.14 | 0.076 |
| Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD | 11 | 0.18 | 0.127 |
| Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only | 18 | 0.12 | 0.058 |
| Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only | 17 | 0.10 | 0.087 |
| Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. CUD only | 17 | 0.11 | 0.081 |
Eligibility
primary outcomes
Time frame: 3 hours
Activation of the Brain Reward Circuit (particularly the nucleus accumbens) in anticipation of monetary reward. The 'Measure' is a mean of the Fisher-Z transform of the inter-regional correlation measured for each participant between the nucleus accumbens and anterior cingulate cortex. The Fisher-transformation creates a normally distributed correlation value for statistical analyses assessing between group differences. A Fisher-Z transform of '0' represents a value of '0' for the estimated correlation, which represents no correlation in the activity time series between the regions. The values reflect strengths of functional connectivity between brain regions that can be compared between groups (e.g. Healthy controls and SCZ-CUD groups who received different study drugs). Means and standard deviations similar to healthy controls would be considered a good outcome.
Time frame: 1 hour after smoking study drug, 3 hours after oral dronabinol
Resting state connectivity within brain reward circuitry as measured with the Fisher-transformed r value of the connectivity maps between the nucleus accumbans and other brain areas. The Fisher-transformation creates a normally distributed correlation value for statistical analyses assessing between group differences (smoked THC vs placebo; oral dronabinol vs placebo)
secondary outcomes
Time frame: 3 hours after oral THC/placebo
Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) Positive Symptom Mean Subscale Score at 2nd Assessment Day, range 7-49, higher = more symptoms. The outcome measure was recorded at single time of measurement. The time frame includes 3 hours after oral THC/placebo and 1 hour after smoked THC/placebo (the three-hour window is inclusive of the one-hour post smoke). Each individual smoked THC or placebo AND took oral THC or placebo.
Time frame: 3 hours after oral THC/placebo
Positive and Negative Symptom Scale Negative Symptom Mean Subscale Score at 2nd Assessment Day, range 7-49, higher = more symptoms. The time frame includes 3 hours after oral THC/placebo and 1 hour after smoked THC/placebo (the three-hour window is inclusive of the one-hour post smoke). Each individual smoked THC or placebo AND took oral THC or placebo.
Time frame: 4 hours after oral drug
Cognitive functioning, verbal learning Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT-R) total raw score. Possible range of scores is 0-35, higher is better functioning. The time frame includes 4 hours after oral THC/placebo and 2 hour after smoked THC/placebo (the three-hour window is inclusive of the one-hour post smoke). Each individual smoked THC or placebo AND took oral THC or placebo.
Time frame: 3 hours after taking oral drug
Drug experience ratings of mood and desirability, anxiety rating on a scale of 0-100, higher means more anxiety. The time frame includes 3 hours after oral THC/placebo and 1 hour after smoked THC/placebo (the three-hour window is inclusive of the one-hour post smoke). Each individual smoked THC or placebo AND took oral THC or placebo.
Time frame: 3 hours after taking oral drug
Drug experience ratings of liking rating on a scale of 0-100, higher number = more liking The time frame includes 3 hours after oral THC/placebo and 1 hour after smoked THC/placebo (the three-hour window is inclusive of the one-hour post smoke). Each individual smoked THC or placebo AND took oral THC or placebo.
Time frame: 4 hours after oral drug
Cognitive function, CPT-IP 2 digit measure of Attention. The Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs version (CPT-IP)80 assessed attention with range of 1-5, hirer scores indicating better function The outcome measure was recorded at single time of measurement. The time frame includes 4 hours after oral THC/placebo and 2 hour after smoked THC/placebo (the three-hour window is inclusive of the one-hour post smoke). Each individual smoked THC or placebo AND took oral THC or placebo.
Publications
No exact PMID-linked public article is currently readable locally.
| SCZ only |
| 17 |
| 0.17 |
| 0.094 |
| Healthy Controls | 27 | 0.17 | 0.121 |
Resting state connectivity within brain reward circuitry as measured with the Fisher-transformed r value of the connectivity maps between the nucleus accumbans and other brain areas. The Fisher-transformation creates a normally distributed correlation value for statistical analyses assessing between group differences (smoked THC vs placebo; oral dronabinol vs placebo)
Population: Data was collected but cannot be compiled and analysis could not be completed due to death of PI and resulting limited resources for scan data compilation and analyses. There are no immediate resources for analysis in the future.
Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) Positive Symptom Mean Subscale Score at 2nd Assessment Day, range 7-49, higher = more symptoms. The outcome measure was recorded at single time of measurement. The time frame includes 3 hours after oral THC/placebo and 1 hour after smoked THC/placebo (the three-hour window is inclusive of the one-hour post smoke). Each individual smoked THC or placebo AND took oral THC or placebo.
Population: Only participants with Schizophrenia were assessed using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, as specified in the Study Protocol
| Group | N | Value | Spread / interval |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD | 11 | 11.0 | 0.54 |
| Dronabinol and placebo cigarette. SCZ-CUD | 12 | 9.3 | 0.40 |
| Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD | 11 | 10.2 | 0.56 |
| SCZ only | 18 | 10.6 | 0.37 |
Positive and Negative Symptom Scale Negative Symptom Mean Subscale Score at 2nd Assessment Day, range 7-49, higher = more symptoms. The time frame includes 3 hours after oral THC/placebo and 1 hour after smoked THC/placebo (the three-hour window is inclusive of the one-hour post smoke). Each individual smoked THC or placebo AND took oral THC or placebo.
Population: This analysis tested whether the marijuana cigarette group had different PANSS negative symptom scores compared to the placebo group adjusting for the SCZ only group. (The dronabinol group was tested separately per our analytic plan.). Only participants with Schizophrenia were assessed using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, as specified in the Study Protocol.
| Group | N | Value | Spread / interval |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD | 9 | 17.1 | 0.76 |
| Dronabinol and placebo cigarette. SCZ-CUD | 12 | 16.4 | 0.67 |
| Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD | 11 | 15.8 | 0.81 |
| SCZ only | 18 | 15.2 | 0.56 |
Cognitive functioning, verbal learning Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT-R) total raw score. Possible range of scores is 0-35, higher is better functioning. The time frame includes 4 hours after oral THC/placebo and 2 hour after smoked THC/placebo (the three-hour window is inclusive of the one-hour post smoke). Each individual smoked THC or placebo AND took oral THC or placebo.
| Group | N | Value | Spread / interval |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD | 9 | 23.2 | 6.8 |
| Dronabinol and placebo cigarette. SCZ-CUD | 12 | 21.8 | 6.7 |
| Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD | 11 | 25.0 | 5.0 |
| Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only | 17 | 25.0 | 4.97 |
| Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only | 16 | 25.3 | 6.1 |
| Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. CUD only | 16 | 27.9 | 4.5 |
| SCZ only | 18 | 25.5 | 8.6 |
| Healthy Controls | 27 | 31.0 | 3.3 |
Drug experience ratings of mood and desirability, anxiety rating on a scale of 0-100, higher means more anxiety. The time frame includes 3 hours after oral THC/placebo and 1 hour after smoked THC/placebo (the three-hour window is inclusive of the one-hour post smoke). Each individual smoked THC or placebo AND took oral THC or placebo.
Population: Only participants with Schizophrenia and CUD who were given study drug were analyzed for drug experiences, as specified in the Study Protocol
| Group | N | Value | Spread / interval |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD | 10 | 10.03 | 4.64 |
| Dronabinol and placebo cigarette. SCZ-CUD | 12 | 3.88 | 2.06 |
| Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD | 11 | 3.96 | 2.30 |
| SCZ only | 18 | 14.31 | 4.72 |
Drug experience ratings of liking rating on a scale of 0-100, higher number = more liking The time frame includes 3 hours after oral THC/placebo and 1 hour after smoked THC/placebo (the three-hour window is inclusive of the one-hour post smoke). Each individual smoked THC or placebo AND took oral THC or placebo.
Population: Only participants with Schizophrenia and CUD who were given study drug were analyzed for drug experiences, as specified in the Study Protocol
| Group | N | Value | Spread / interval |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD | 10 | 56.5 | 21.66 |
| Dronabinol and placebo cigarette. SCZ-CUD | 12 | 56.36 | 20.10 |
| Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD | 11 | 5.54 | 3.49 |
Cognitive function, CPT-IP 2 digit measure of Attention. The Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs version (CPT-IP)80 assessed attention with range of 1-5, hirer scores indicating better function The outcome measure was recorded at single time of measurement. The time frame includes 4 hours after oral THC/placebo and 2 hour after smoked THC/placebo (the three-hour window is inclusive of the one-hour post smoke). Each individual smoked THC or placebo AND took oral THC or placebo.
| Group | N | Value | Spread / interval |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD | 11 | 3.5 | 0.7 |
| Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD | 12 | 3.3 | 0.9 |
| Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD | 11 | 3.7 | 0.7 |
| Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only | 17 | 4.1 | 0.4 |
| Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only | 17 | 3.8 | 0.5 |
| Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only | 17 | 3.9 | 0.4 |
| SCZ only | 18 | 3.2 | 1.0 |
| Healthy Control - | 27 | 4.0 | 0.3 |
| Milestone | Cannabis Use Disorder | Dual Diagnosis (Schizophrenia and Cannabis Use Disorder) | Schizophrenia | Healthy Controls | Marijuana Cigarette and Placebo Capsule CUD Only | Dronabinol and Placebo Cigarette CUD Only | Placebo Cigarette and Placebo Capsule CUD Only | Marijuana Cigarette and Placebo Capsule - SCZ-CUD | Dronabinol and Placebo Cigarette - SCZ-CUD | Placebo Cigarette and Placebo Capsule - SCZ-CUD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STARTED | 111 | 79 | 33 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Enrolled and Completed Neuropsych Testing | 62 | 43 | 21 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Completed Scan 1 | 54 | 35 | 18 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| COMPLETED | 51 | 34 | 18 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| NOT COMPLETED | 60 | 45 | 15 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Milestone | Cannabis Use Disorder | Dual Diagnosis (Schizophrenia and Cannabis Use Disorder) | Schizophrenia | Healthy Controls | Marijuana Cigarette and Placebo Capsule CUD Only | Dronabinol and Placebo Cigarette CUD Only | Placebo Cigarette and Placebo Capsule CUD Only | Marijuana Cigarette and Placebo Capsule - SCZ-CUD | Dronabinol and Placebo Cigarette - SCZ-CUD | Placebo Cigarette and Placebo Capsule - SCZ-CUD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STARTED | 0 | 0 | 18 | 27 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 11 | 12 | 11 |
| COMPLETED | 0 | 0 | 18 | 27 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 11 | 12 | 11 |
| NOT COMPLETED | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Event | System | Groups: affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| Psychosis | Psychiatric disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 1 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 1 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Vyvanse Intoxication | Psychiatric disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 1 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Injury | Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 1 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Hallucinations | Psychiatric disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 1 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Chest Pain | Cardiac disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 1 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Event | System | Groups: affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| Anxiety | Psychiatric disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 3 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 2 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 2 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 4 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 2 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 1 / 10 · SCZ only: 1 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 1 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 2 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Hallucinations | Psychiatric disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 3 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 1 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 2 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 1 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Increased cannabis withdrawal symptoms | Psychiatric disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 3 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Psychiatric symptoms | Psychiatric disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 2 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 2 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 3 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 1 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Tachycardia | Cardiac disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 2 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 2 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 1 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 6 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 3 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| hypertension | Cardiac disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 1 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 1 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 1 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Dental Issues | Gastrointestinal disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 1 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 3 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 1 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 1 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Pain in extremity | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 1 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 2 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Anxiety in MRI | Psychiatric disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 1 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 1 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 1 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 1 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 1 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 2 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Skin irritation | Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 1 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 2 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 1 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Back, shoulder or neck pain | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 1 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 1 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 1 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 1 / 10 · SCZ only: 2 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Headache | Nervous system disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 1 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 2 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 1 / 10 · SCZ only: 3 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 4 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| MRI Finding - Nervous System | Nervous system disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 1 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 2 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 3 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 1 / 10 · SCZ only: 4 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 2 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Chest Pain | Cardiac disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 1 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Nausea or vomiting | Gastrointestinal disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 2 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 1 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 1 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 1 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Injury | Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 2 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 1 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 1 / 10 · SCZ only: 3 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 1 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Upper Respiratory Infection | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 3 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 2 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 1 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 1 / 10 · SCZ only: 2 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 4 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Hemorrhoids | Surgical and medical procedures | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Chalazia | Eye disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 1 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Abnormal EKG | Cardiac disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 1 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Lightheaded/Dizzy | Nervous system disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 1 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 2 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 2 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 2 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Dysesthesia/Parasthesia | Nervous system disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Ear pain | Ear and labyrinth disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 1 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Hemorrhoids | Gastrointestinal disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 1 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Hypoglycemia | Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Hypotension | Cardiac disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Skin infection | Infections and infestations | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 1 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Muscle aches | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 1 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| MRI Findings - Vascular | Vascular disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 1 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| MRI Findings - Respiratory | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 0 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 2 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 2 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Swelling of vein | Vascular disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 1 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 0 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 0 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |
| Other | Nervous system disorders | Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette SCZ-CUD: 1 / 12 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule. SCZ-CUD: 0 / 11 · SCZ-CUD not randomized: 1 / 8 · Marijuana cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Dronabinol and placebo cigarette CUD only: 1 / 17 · Placebo cigarette and placebo capsule CUD only: 0 / 17 · Cannabis Use Disorder - CUD Did not randomize: 0 / 10 · SCZ only: 0 / 18 · SCZ only - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 3 · Healthy Control -: 0 / 27 · Healthy Control - Did not complete Scan 2: 0 / 4 |