Abstract Background: Morphine is a commonly prescribed opioid analgesic used to treat chronic pain. Morphine undergoes glucuronidation by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)…
Abstract Opioids are commonly prescribed for the treatment of chronic pain. Approximately 50% of adults who are prescribed opioids for…
Abstract During the last decade, substance use disorders (SUDs) have been increasingly recognized as neuroinflammation-related brain diseases. Various types of…
Abstract Background: Every year, drug poisoning is the most prevalent reason for referring patients to medical centers. This study aimed…
Abstract Fentanyl is a synthetic L-opioid receptor agonist, approximately 100 times more potent than morphine, that is experiencing an upward…
Abstract Acutely, non-selective cannabinoid (CB) agonists have been shown to increase morphine antinociceptive effects, and we and others have also…
Abstract Most opioid analgesics used clinically, including morphine and fentanyl, as well as the recreational drug heroin, act primarily through…
Abstract Kratom is a widely abused plant-based drug preparation with a global interest in recent years, well beyond its native…
Abstract Marijuana and opioid addictions have increased alarmingly in recent decades, especially in the United States, posing threats to society.…
Abstract Both opioids and cannabinoids have well-known antinociceptive effects in different animal models of chronic pain. However, unwanted side effects…