Identification and Quantification of the Main Psychoactive Ingredients of Cannabis in Urine Using Excitation–Eemission Matrix Fluorescence Coupled with Parallel Factor Analysis

Abstract Cannabis is the most prevalent abused substance after alcohol, and its consumption severely harms human health and thus adversely impacts society. The identification and quantification of cannabis in urine play important roles in practical forensics. Excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis was developed to identify and quantify the four main ingredients of cannabis in urine samples. The main ingredients of cannabis including Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol, cannabinol, and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THC–COOH) exhibited diverse fluorescence characteristics,