Experimental Investigation of Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Ethanol–Gasoline Blends across Varying Operating Parameters

Abstract Ethanol–gasoline is a significant approach to achieving low-carbon combustion engines. In this article, the combustion and emission characteristics of ethanol–gasoline (E22) and ordinary gasoline under varying air–fuel ratios, injection pressures, and ignition timings are experimentally investigated, and the engine performances and combustion characteristics of both fuels are compared under full-load conditions. The results show that the combustion stability of E22 is slightly lower than that of gasoline at different air–fuel ratios, and the ignition delay and combustion duration are