Distinct Lung Adenocarcinoma-Associated Microbiota Are Associated with Inflammatory Immune Landscapes and Tumor Cell Proliferation via LCIIAR–ISG15 Regulatory Networks

Abstract Introduction: Emerging research emphasizes the critical role of local microbiota in shaping the tumor microenvironment (TME) and influencing cancer progression. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is distinguished by unique bacterial communities that appear to regulate immune responses, gene expression, and patient outcomes. Methods: We compiled microbiome profiles from several cancer types—including LUAD, lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), breast carcinoma (BRCA), and thyroid carcinoma (THCA)—using public databases. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) was employed to categorize LUAD cases based on TME features, while