Sustainable management of coffee berry disease and leaf rust co-infection: a systematic review of deterministic models

Abstract Colletotrichum kahawae, the cause of Coffee Berry Disease (CBD), poses a significant threat to global coffee production, especially in Africa, with potential implications for Latin America and Asia. This systematic review evaluates 24 models of CBD, Coffee Leaf Rust (CLR), Coffee Berry Borer (CBB), and co-infection of CBD with CLR, as well as strategies for optimal control. It concludes the relevance of the basic reproduction number (R0) for forecasting outbreaks and the benefits of employing a combination of control