The potential role of cannabidiol (CBD) in lung cancer therapy: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence

Abstract Background: Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent and lethal cancers worldwide, with limited therapeutic options in advanced stages. Cannabinoids have recently attracted attention as potential anticancer agents; however, cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound derived from Cannabis sativa, has emerged as the most promising candidate. Unlike Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CBD lacks psychoactive properties, is generally well tolerated, and demonstrates a favorable safety profile. Moreover, CBD influences multiple cancer-relevant pathways—including apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and immune modulation—that are particularly relevant