Role of ferroptosis-related IREB2 in the shared genetic etiology between smoking and facial aging: Insights from large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis

Abstract While the association between smoking and accelerated facial aging is well documented, the specific pathways underlying this association remain poorly understood. To investigate the shared genetic architecture between smoking and facial aging, we performed genetic analyses based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data. These analyses included linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC), pleiotropic analysis under composite null hypothesis (PLACO), functional mapping and annotation (FUMA), and multi-marker analysis of genomic annotation (MAGMA). To further explore the shared target genes, we utilized